(Abstract) 也成为内容提要,通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要,其位置应放在论文的正文之前,对整个论文内容的概述无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言,摘要都是一个非常重要的文件 摘要如果和论文一起发表,则被称为一次性出版物摘要,主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用,使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容除此之外,摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如:生物学文摘(Biological Abstract)、化学文摘(Chemical Abstract)等、称为二次性出版物摘要此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息,帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域 一、 摘要的定义 摘要的英文术语:有两个词汇,一个是 abstract, 一个是 根据美国国家标准学会(American National Standard Institute)于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》(American National Standard for Writing Abstracts)规定,Abstract 不应与 summary 混同 Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括,使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容,或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备,或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要文中只对论文信息进行浓缩,而不加主观评论或解释,可以脱离原文而独立成篇字数通常在100~150个词左右,更确切地说,约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%(有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%)现在越来越多的用法是 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语,在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词 Summary (概要) 与 abstract 无明显差别严格地说,summary 一般附在论文的后面,对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述其前提是读者已经通读过全文,通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果在某些论文中,用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分 Summary 是论文的"缩影",可以概括论文的全部内容,只是在删繁就简上下功夫,字数长短不一,少则两三句话,多则500个单词甚至更长美国的一些高等学校规定,硕士论文提要(summary)以250词左右为宜,而博士论文题要以350词左右为宜国际会议论文的提要一般规定为300 ~ 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号 至于究竟要采用什么形式,要根据征稿而定 一般说来,国际学术会议论文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要,而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract, 结尾又有一个Summary , 这多半是由于文章过长,内容有多,后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写 二、 摘要的种类 摘要分为两类,一类是说明性摘要(Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract),一类是资料性(Informative Abstract)摘要 说明性摘要 (Descriptive / Indicative Abstract) 如同迈克尔艾利 (Michael Alley)所说,"一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的目录,使读者手中的一份简要地图"从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要的作用说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么,不涉及具体的研究方法和结果,但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息它一般是用于综述性文章,也用于讨论、评论性文章,尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多,常出现"… is studied"、 "…is discussed" 字样时态多用现在时或现在完成时其篇幅也较短,大多在100 ~ 150 字之间以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例 Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小,主要用于评述性的论文 资料性摘要 (Informative Abstract) 资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息,它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容,特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等其篇幅较长,大多在150 ~250 字之间根据原文长度,也有多达500字的通常,这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌,能够代替阅读论文全文 Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter, and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools, or spraying them with For rats, only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of Screens are used for Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito 三、 如何写摘要 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是确定的,一般在作者工作单位的下方如: Cultural Differences Between China and USA (标题) Xu Ying (署名) Hunan University (Changsha, Hunan, 410082) (工作单位) Abstract: (摘要) Key words: (关键词) 写作要点 (1) 长度:有专家认为150 ~ 200 个词之间;文章长度的五分之一 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇幅不能超过一定的字数,如:在80 ~ 100 之间,在投稿前应查询 若刊物没有规定长度时,可以参阅已发表的文章长度参加国际会议的论文摘要有字数限制,一般要求200 ~ 500 个词之间,约1000个印刷符号(美国化学文献、医学文献的论文摘要规定在200个词以内) (2) 不要重复论文中的句子 (3) 避免列举大堆数据 (4) 一般只是一个段落,不要将其分为数段 (5) 不要使用祈使句、感叹句、公式、表格等 (6) 完成论文后在写摘要 (7) 一般使用第三人称或被动语态 (8) 语言需简明扼要 下面请看一段论文摘要: This paper deals with the English syllabus for graduate students in C The paper first reviews the history of the graduate English teaching, then discusses the shortcomings in the syllabus and finally proposes some suggestions for its (本回答由学术堂整理提供)
怎么和你交流探讨呢？
要英文版，谢谢！其实这篇论文只不过是我从网上把一篇文章改写过来的，大致内容没有什么改变头上扎着羊角小辫用一只手挽住奶奶的胳膊，扶着奶奶
Background(背景)：介绍论文研究的背景，描述前者研究存在哪些问题，为自己进行这个研究是为了尝试解决前者存在的这些问题做好铺垫。Method(方法)：介绍研究中所使用了哪些研究方法，需要注意的是：因为摘要字数有限，所以Method只是需要简单介绍一下即可，不要花太多篇幅介绍。Results(结果)：这部分直接写实验得到了什么结果，如果没有实验的就只需要阐述文章研究目的和结果。Conclusion(结论)：论文相对前者的研究有什么创新或独到见解都要阐述在这里。Abstract其实就是对整篇英文论文浓缩之后的精华部分。其目的就要让读者就算没有阅读全文，也能从Abstract中知道这篇论文的核心内容。所以，摘要的写作一定要在论文的开始就把整篇论文的研究目的或要解决的问题呈现给读者。
我的文库里有很多，绝大多数都与法律英语 法律翻译 英文法律文章有关
什么阶段的？提供一篇高中：Being a minor, we should be very happy to have such a study law knowledge of First, through studying law, can enhance own legal consciousness and legal concept, knowing what is legal, what is illegal, what is a crime, conscientiously fulfil the obligations prescribed by law, with legal restrains own behavior, law forbids doing resolute don't do, laws, and actively encourage do to do, legal requirements, must do Second, learning the law can grow up Some classmates for one jinjinjijiao, because some trifle and are eyeball even Indeed because teenage age small courtesy, shallow, lack of right from wrong ability and susceptible to bad style's influence, impulsive, especially when their pride injured or their own interests and others benefit conflicts, easy to lose their senses, lead to illegal Therefore, in order to protect the healthy growth of teenagers, preventing and reducing crime, need for juvenile positive education of legal system, correct Third, learning the law to protect their legitimate rights and Students shall enjoy life, and health to legal, reputation, personal freedom by protecting rights, to receive education and inheritance rights, with laws to maintain their own rights 采纳哦
The total area of Seoul is 52 square kilometers , or 6 percent of the entire The Hangang (River) bisects the city into two parts: northern part ( Gangbuk ) and southern one (Gangnam) The Gangbuk area totals 97 square kilometers (2 % ) while Gangnam is 55 square kilometers (8 % ) Seoul has a population of 10,297,004 as of the end of This accounts for about a quarter of the total national As for the proportion of male to female excluding foreigners, women (5,173,266) slightly outnumber men (5,123,738) By district, Nowon-gu has the biggest population of 624, In contrast, Jung-gu has the smallest population of only 134, Since Seoul became the capital of the nation in 1394, the population of Seoul has grown 110 Seoul belongs to the Temperate Zone featuring four distinctive seasons of spring, summer, autumn and The yearly average temperature of Seoul is 2 degrees C Temperatures in Seoul show large seasonal variation, reaching as high as 4 degrees Celsius in the summer and dropping as low as minus 2 degrees Celsius in the Influenced by the North Pacific high-pressure system, Seoul has hot and humid summers with average temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius from June through S
Korea is a beautiful county with a history of over 5,000 It is hard as an American to comprehend a culture that has lasted that long when our history as a country only goes back a few hundred All of the historical sites have been preserved for future These buildings, stone pagodas and lanterns, and other pieces of sculpture are known as National Treasures and are Seven sites have been selected as UNESCO World Heritage S The Korean treasures included in the World Heritage List are Bulguksa Temple and nearby Seokguram Grotto; Haeinsa Temple's Changgyongp'ango (depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks); Jongmyo Shrine; Changdeokkung Palace Complex; Hwaseong Fortress; Kochang, Hwasun and Kanghwa Dolmen Sites; and Gyeongju Historic A More information about the World Heritage Sites can be found ub each of the site's information and in theTeacher A Even with this rich history from the past, Korea can be seen as a progressive and modern The modern buildings of the big cities rival those of any other modern country, yet scenes from the past coexist with the The people of Korea are very friendly and loving and are excited to try their E All of the younger children are learning E They know that their future depends upon being able to speak E At this time only the bigger hotels have someone who can speak English but this will The Korean people want foreign investors to come to Korea to help their Korea will become a major tourist destination as Americans begin to learn about the beauty of K Korea is a very mountainous country with every square inch of flat ground being used for agriculture or for the With nearly 50 million people, the population is very Seoul, the capital, has over 10 million people in a very small Most Koreans live in apartments in the older parts of the big cities or they live in new high-rise apartments which all look the same no matter where you are in K If there are open spaces they are used for All of the flat land is used for growing Most of the apartments are 20 stories high and exactly the same The only way you can tell your apartment from another is by the designs that are painted on the ends of the Traditional Hotel Most of the interiors look just like ours in America but some are the traditional Korean style rooms where you sleep on the floor and then roll up your blankets and use the room as a living room during the Slippers at the market When you enter a Korean home the first thing you do is remove your There are also slippers in the bathroom while you are A many-course meal at a Korean Koreans eat a lot of rice with vegetables and fruit at every They also eat a lot of pork that is cooked right at the table on a gas cooking They also have kimchi at every meal - and it is hot! Koreans usually sit on the floor while eating
你好，我是一本大学英语专业的学生，为你写了2段，稍微有点长，呵呵，不过句型丰富、灵活，我想拿给老师看，她一定会喜欢的，说不定还会惊叹你的才情呢
二者有如下三种区别：1、含义不同：Abstract是论文正文前面的摘要，是用简洁的语言指出论文的主要内容、研究方法和成果发现。Introduction是论文主体部分的开端词，用较为详细的语言指出论文写作所涉及的内容或者要着力解决的问题。2、论文出现位置不同：Abstract先于Introduction出现，位于论文目录之前，而Introduction位于论文目录之后的第一部分。3、语言风格不同：Abstract有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，行文简洁，逻辑性强的特点，一般为70-150词左右。Introduction是引出全文的内容，衔接下一部分，也可对全文的结构做一定的概述，语言风格较为详细和细致。扩展资料1、Introduction（引言）的内容分为三到四个层次。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。2、Abstract的可以让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足。以及为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。参考资料：百度百科 - 引言参考资料：百度百科 - 摘要
学术堂来告诉你Introduction与abstract的区别：An abstract is a summary of a research It contains the most essential details of your research, including the findings, methods, and It is meant to help readers, who are often busy scientists, decide whether they wish to read the entire article and can be especially useful in case of paywalled It also helps journal editors to determine whether to consider articles for peer 摘要（Abstract）是对论文的总体概括，通常包含研究结果、方法、结论等精华信息。对于时间有限的科学家来说，这一小截摘要是他们判断文章是否可读的线索，也是读者考量付费文章的指标。此外，期刊编辑也会根据摘要来决定论文是否送审。Now let us understand what purpose the Introduction The Introduction is the beginning of your research paper and provides background for your research topic, helping the reader understand the motivation for conducting the It sets the context for your research by introducing the research topic, providing a brief overview of previously published literature, identifying the gaps or problems that existing research has failed to address, and finally introducing the problem that you intend to solve, ideally via an explicit ‘aim’ statement at the end of the introduction—more on this in the next section!接着讲讲引言（Introduction）。引言放在文章开头，交代研究背景，有助于读者理解研究动机。具体来讲，作者要依次阐明研究主题，综述相关文献，讨论现有研究的不足，引出研究问题，最好再以研究目标结尾（研究目标下面会展开讲）。The abstract is written to give readers a sneak peek into your research and engage their interest, and so it should briefly encapsulate the entire study; the Introduction, meanwhile, is written to provide specific context for the research question being explored, particularly for readers who may not be familiar with the specific subfield of your 摘要既要概括文章的主要内容，又要让读者产生读下去的兴趣。而引言则为研究问题提供详细的背景说明，方便垂直领域以外的读者理解。One notable difference that you must keep in mind is that the abstract includes the methods and results of your research but the Introduction does 从结构上来看，摘要中包含的研究方法和结果两部分内容是引言中没有的。
executivesummary是对整篇report的总结，主要写你的研究内容，研究对象，研究目的，研究意义等等，introduction部分相当于一个background，而不是概括report的内容
引言：言简意赅。说明前人的研究状况，本项研究的价值和意义，引出本文的主题，一般与结论相呼应。引言类似于导火索说明。摘要：说明研究目的、要解决的问题、使用的方法，结果和结论。主要是论文的缩影。具体可以看下这篇文章：一分钟看懂引言和摘要的区别论文摘要绪论怎么写？
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