Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is often added to the joint to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that can be as strong as the base Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a Some of the best known welding methods include:Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) - also known as "stick welding", uses an electrode that has flux, the protectant for the puddle, around The electrode holder holds the electrode as it slowly melts Slag protects the weld puddle from atmospheric Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) - also known as TIG (tungsten, inert gas), uses a non-consumable tungstenelectrode to produce the The weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas such as Argon or HGas metal arc welding (GMAW) - commonly termed MIG (metal, inert gas), uses a wire feeding gun that feeds wire at an adjustable speed and flows an argon-based shielding gas or a mix of argon and carbon dioxide (CO2) over the weld puddle to protect it from atmospheric Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) - almost identical to MIG welding except it uses a special tubular wire filled with flux; it can be used with or without shielding gas, depending on the Submerged arc welding (SAW) - uses an automatically fed consumable electrode and a blanket of granular fusible The molten weld and the arc zone are protected from atmospheric contamination by being "submerged" under the flux Electroslag welding (ESW) - a highly productive, single pass welding process for thicker materials between 1 inch (25 mm) and 12 inches (300 mm) in a vertical or close to vertical Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and While often an industrial process, welding may be performed in many different environments, including in open air, under water, and in outer Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and exposure to intense ultraviolet Until the end of the 19th century, the only welding process was forge welding, which blacksmiths had used for centuries to join iron and steel by heating and Arc welding and oxyfuel welding were among the first processes to develop late in the century, and electric resistance welding followed soon Welding technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century as World War I and World War II drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining Following the wars, several modern welding techniques were developed, including manual methods like SMAW, now one of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-automatic and automatic processes such as GMAW, SAW, FCAW and ESW Developments continued with the invention of laser beam welding, electron beam welding, magnetic pulse welding (MPW), and friction stir welding in the latter half of the Today, the science continues to Robot welding is commonplace in industrial settings, and researchers continue to develop new welding methods and gain greater understanding of weld 焊接是一种制造或雕刻过程联接材料，通常是金属或热塑性塑料，通过使融合，这是从较低温度金属接合技术如钎焊和焊接，这不熔化的基体金属不同。除了熔化基础金属，填充材料通常加入到接头以形成熔融材料（熔融池），该冷却以形成一个接头，该接头可以是强如基材的池。压力也可结合使用热，或由本身，以产生一焊缝。一些最好的公知的焊接方法包括：保护金属电弧焊（SMAW） - 也被称为“粘焊接”，使用具有焊剂，防护剂为水坑，它周围的电极。电极支架保持电极，它慢慢地融化。渣保护不受大气污染熔池。气体钨电弧焊（GTAW） - 也被称为TIG（钨惰性气体），使用非自耗钨电极以产生焊缝。焊缝区域由惰性保护气体如氩气或氦气免受大气污染。气体保护金属极电弧焊（GMAW） - 通常称为MIG（金属惰性气体），采用的是送丝枪送线以可调速度，并在流动的氩基保护气体或氩气和二氧化碳（CO 2）的混合熔池，以保护它免受大气污染。药芯焊丝电弧焊（药芯焊丝） - 几乎等同于MIG焊接除了它使用一种特殊的管状焊丝充满通量;它可以用于具有或不具有保护气体，这取决于填料。埋弧焊（SAW） - 采用自动供耗电极和颗粒状熔通量一条毯子。熔融的焊接和电弧区域由下磁通毯被“浸没”被保护不受大气污染。电渣焊（ESW） - 高生产力，单道焊接过程为1英寸（25毫米）12英寸（300毫米）在垂直或接近垂直的位置之间较厚的材料。许多不同能源可用于焊接，包括一气体火焰，电弧，激光，电子束，摩擦，和超声波。而经常工业方法，焊接可以在许多不同的环境中进行，其中包括在露天，下水，并在外层空间。焊接是一个危险的任务和注意事项需要避免烫伤，触电，视力损害，吸入有毒气体和烟雾，并暴露于强烈的紫外线辐射。直到19世纪末，唯一的焊接工艺是锻焊，这铁匠已经使用了几个世纪通过加热和锤击加入钢铁。电弧焊和富氧焊接是第一工序中，以晚在世纪发展，电阻焊接，随后不久之后。焊接技术在20世纪初快速推进第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战开了可靠和廉价的连接方法的需求。继战争，几个现代焊接技术被开发，包括手动的方法，如手工电弧焊，现在最流行的焊接方法之一，以及半自动和全自动过程，如气体保护焊，埋弧焊，药芯焊丝和ESW。发展继续与激光束焊接，电子束焊接，磁脉冲焊接（MPW）和摩擦搅拌焊接在世纪后半本发明。今天，科学不断前进。机器人焊接是司空见惯在工业环境中，研究人员继续开发新的焊接方法，获得的焊缝质量更深入的了解。求采纳。
16Mn low-alloy steel structural steel, welding performance is very good, generally used by the J50 TIG welding wire, hand welding with J506, J507, J422, such as welding Range This technology is applicable to general industrial and civil construction projects in the steel structure production and installation of hand-Arc Welding Construction preparations 1 materials and major equipment: 1 welding electrodes: its choice of models according to design requirements, we must have quality Welding, as required prior to Prohibited the use of drugs shedding skin, core rusty welding No design requirements, welding steel Q235 to choose E43 series of structural steel welding rod, welding 16 Mn steel to choose E50 series of low-alloy steel welding rod, welding important structure to use low-hydrogen electrode (alkaline electrode) Brochures on the request of baking, Add to Baowen Tong, with the use of Acidic and alkaline electrode electrode not mixed 2 arc plate: groove connection required arc plate, arc-type material and groove with the welding of the 3 major equipment: welding machine (TAC, DC), the welding line, welding clamp, face masks, Xiaochui, electrode oven, the electrode Baowen Tong, wire brush, stone cotton cloth, such as temperature 2 operating conditions 1 familiar with the drawings, done welding technology J 2 before welding welder certification should check the expiration date, should prove welder to take the welding 3 spot welding power supply should meet the electricity 4 ambient temperature below 0 ℃, the preheating, after the hot temperature should be determined in accordance with technology Operation of 1 Process Operating ready → Arc Welding (-welding, welding, Wang welding, Yang welding) → weld inspection 2 arc welding steel structure: 1-welding 1 choose the right welding process, welding rod diameter, welding current, welding speed, the length of arc welding, welding technology through pilot 2 liquidation Welded Joints: welding inspection groove, the assembly space to meet the requirements, positioning it firmly welding, weld around the oil pollution may be, of 3 baking electrode should meet the required temperature and time, remove from the oven in the electrode, on the electrode Baowen Tong, with the use of 4 welding current: According to the thickness of welding, welding level, electrode models, diameter, welder proficiency and other factors, select suitable welding 5 arc: Kok point arc welding ups and downs in the weld should end, to more than 10 mm, should not be casually playing arc, tinder-igniting immediately after the electrode from the seam zone will be opened so that the electrode and components Inter 2 ~ 4 mm to maintain a gap Butt Weld and docking and the combination of angle to weld, located at both ends of the arc-welding leads and board, must arc welding to the board after the arc welding, half-way joint weld joints should be in the front 15 ~ 20mm igniting the tinder, welding pieces after preheating will return to weld electrode at the beginning of the pool to fill the requirements of thickness, before welding 6 welding speed: isokinetic welding requirements to ensure that weld thickness, width uniform, masks, read from the pool of molten iron slag and maintain equidistance (2 ~ 3 mm) 7 welding arc length: electrode under different models identified, the general requirements of the same arc length stability, acid electrode is generally 3 ~ 4 mm, alkaline electrode is generally suitable 2 ~ 3 8 welding angle: According to weld the two pieces of the thickness determined that welding two 000-point, first welding electrode and the direction of the angle to 60 ~ 75 °; electrode and the second is the angle between two welding about the situation When welding pieces of equal thickness, the angle between the electrode and welding pieces are 45 °; When the thickness ranging from welding, welding electrode and thick pieces of angle between the side should be more than welding electrode and thinner pieces of angle between the side of 9 to arc: each seam welded to the end, the hole should be filled arc, to welding direction opposite direction with arc, arc welding, Hang left inside to prevent the arc Hang bite of Welding completed, should be used with arc-gas cutting and grinding formation, while the use hammer 10-Java: The whole of welding seam after removal of slag, the welder self-inspection (including the appearance and weld size, ) is no problem, before relocation to 2 welding: basic operation and the process of welding the same level, but should pay attention to the following questions: 1 under the same conditions, welding power than small-welding current 10 percent to 15 2 use of short-arc welding, arc length is generally 2 ~ 3 3 perspective based on welding electrode thickness Welding two pieces of equal thickness, the electrode and the electrode around the direction of both the angle between 45 °; two pieces of thickness ranging from welding, welding electrode and thick pieces of angle between the side of the thin side should be larger than the Electrode with the vertical plane formed 60 ° ~ 80 ° angle, slightly upward arc, toward pool 4 to arc: When welding to the end, the arc of a row pits will fill the arc, the arc moved to the central pool stopped Prohibited the arc Hang left In order to prevent bites of meat, should be suppressed transform arc welding rod angle so that the welding rod and welded pieces of vertical or slightly down from the arc Wang welding 3: basic and same-welding, welding current conditions compared with the current small-welding of 10% to 15%, Arc-2 ~ 4 Electrode perspective, Wang when welding electrode should Tilt Down, for their point of 70 ° ~ 80 °, to prevent hot metal According to weld the two pieces of different thickness, can be properly adjusted electrode perspective, with the welding electrode to the direction of 70 ° ~ 90 ° Yang welding 4: basic and welding, Wang welding the same, the electrode and welding pieces of angle and thickness of the welding, and welding electrode into the direction of 70 ° ~ 80 ° angle,宜用small current, short arc 3 winter low temperature welding: 1 in the environmental conditions of temperature below 0 ℃ under the Arc, in addition to compliance with the relevant provisions of ambient temperature welding, welding process parameters should be adjusted so that the weld and heat-affected zone slow Wind over four, the wind should take measures to cool after welding of the joints, should be avoided encounter snow and 2 welded steel structure in order to prevent cracks, should be preheated, preheat to control the temperature between When the temperature in the workplace 0 ℃ below, the process should be carried out tests to ascertain preheating appropriate, after the hot Quality Standards 1 ensure that the project 1 welding materials should be consistent with the design requirements and the relevant standards, should check the quality certificates and baking 2 The welder must pass the examination, inspection welder corresponding welding conditions of certification and testing 3 Ⅰ, Ⅱ-Weld must be approved by the detection test, and should meet the design requirements and construction standards and inspection requirements, inspection Weld Inspection 4 Weld surface Ⅰ, Ⅱ-weld should not crack, of welding, Shaochuan, pits and other defects Ⅱ-Weld may be the surface pores, slag, the arc pits, cracks, scratches and other defects arc, and weld Ⅰ level may be biting edge, not for welding 2 basic items 1 Weld Appearance: Weld uniform appearance, welding, and welding, welding and smooth transition between the basic metals, welding slag and flying purge 2 surface porosity: Ⅰ, Ⅱ-Weld does not allow; Ⅲ-weld seam length of each 50 mm in diameter, allowing ≤ 4 t; and ≤ 3 mm stomatal 2; ≤ 6 times the distance between stomatal 3 biting edge: Ⅰ-Weld does not Ⅱ-Weld: bite-depth ≤ 05 t, and ≤ 5 mm, for the length of ≤ 100 mm, and both sides of bite-chief of ≤ 10% weld Ⅲ-Weld: bite-depth ≤ Lt, and ≤ Note; t joining the thinner the 3 to allow deviation project Weld Ms high b <20 5 ~ 2 5 ~ 5 5 ~ 5 1 Butt Weld (mm) b ≥ 20 5 ~ 3 5 ~ 5 0 ~ 5 to <1 t and <1 t and <1 t and welding more than 0 of not more than 0 of not more than 0 welding angle size hf ≤ 6 0 ~ +5 weld seam 2 Kok (mm) hf> 6 0 ~ +3 of Weld Ms high hf ≤ 6 0 ~ +5 Regulation (mm) hf> 6 0 ~ +3 seized three T-shaped joint weld combination , Cross joints, joint angle> t / 4 check welding angle from the size of the weight ≥ 50 t, mid-level working crane beam T-shaped connector t / 2 and ≯ 10 Note: b width for Weld, t joining the thinner the thickness, hf for welding angle Product Protection Not allowed to hit 1 hit after welding joints, not just to the End of steel welding on the Low temperature should take measures to alleviate the 2 arbitrarily not be allowed outside the base metal in the weld on the 3 various components correction may be good after welding, and not free to move Sizing Block and Kaju, a component size to prevent Concealed parts of Weld must apply for concealed End acceptance procedures only after the next, hidden 4 low-temperature welding slag not immediately clear, and so should cool down after the Should pay attention to the quality problems Size exceed 1 to allow deviation: Weld length and width, width, thickness inadequate, the centerline offset, bending, and other deviations, should strictly control the welding parts of the relative position of size, rear-qualified welding, welding operation at 2 weld cracks: To prevent cracking, should be selected for the welding process parameters and welding procedures to avoid using high-current, do not suddenly off, weld joints should take 10 ~ 15 mm, welding in the wood allow moving, percussion welding P 3 surface porosity: electrode to the required temperature and time for baking, welding region must clean up, welding process of choosing the appropriate welding current, lower welding speed so that the pool of gas entirely Weld slag 4: multi-layers of welding should be clean welding slag removal, transport operators should be correct, appropriate Note the direction of the flow of slag, a basic electrode, on the need to remain in the slog slog Records
如果有裂纹的身体受到外来loadingor规定位移边界是部队应用于裂纹面上关闭裂缝聚集在一起,这些部队必须等效应力分布在一个uncracked身体相同的几何遵守同样的外部加载
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文献回顾表明，在铝合金点焊焊接残余应力的研究是罕见的。铝具有高的导热性，低的熔化温度，和低的屈服强度。因此，由于电阻点焊变形预计将比钢更严重。长和康纳（参考文献2）开发了一种热机电耦合的方法与有限元模型来预测残余应力在5754铝合金点焊接头。他们测量了所有的热物理性质的模型考虑了热（参考文献10）。最近，hassanifard和zehsaz（参考文献1）的关系进行了残余应力和疲劳寿命在点焊铝合金5083-O采用轴对称有限元模型来模拟的残余应力。求采纳
韩文行吗
如果有裂纹的身体受到外来loadingor规定位移边界是部队应用于裂纹面上关闭裂缝聚集在一起,这些部队必须等效应力分布在一个uncracked身体相同的几何遵守同样的外部加载
PPT，是否可以。
你这是国标的牌号吧？你要转成国外的牌号，然后在网上搜搜。另外差不多就行，毕业论文都是这样。免费的网上肯定有，只不过水平高低而已，不要被人坑了。
我考，16MnR焊接性很好，还研究个皮啊
16Mn low-alloy steel structural steel, welding performance is very good, generally used by the J50 TIG welding wire, hand welding with J506, J507, J422, such as welding Range This technology is applicable to general industrial and civil construction projects in the steel structure production and installation of hand-Arc Welding Construction preparations 1 materials and major equipment: 1 welding electrodes: its choice of models according to design requirements, we must have quality Welding, as required prior to Prohibited the use of drugs shedding skin, core rusty welding No design requirements, welding steel Q235 to choose E43 series of structural steel welding rod, welding 16 Mn steel to choose E50 series of low-alloy steel welding rod, welding important structure to use low-hydrogen electrode (alkaline electrode) Brochures on the request of baking, Add to Baowen Tong, with the use of Acidic and alkaline electrode electrode not mixed 2 arc plate: groove connection required arc plate, arc-type material and groove with the welding of the 3 major equipment: welding machine (TAC, DC), the welding line, welding clamp, face masks, Xiaochui, electrode oven, the electrode Baowen Tong, wire brush, stone cotton cloth, such as temperature 2 operating conditions 1 familiar with the drawings, done welding technology J 2 before welding welder certification should check the expiration date, should prove welder to take the welding 3 spot welding power supply should meet the electricity 4 ambient temperature below 0 ℃, the preheating, after the hot temperature should be determined in accordance with technology Operation of 1 Process Operating ready → Arc Welding (-welding, welding, Wang welding, Yang welding) → weld inspection 2 arc welding steel structure: 1-welding 1 choose the right welding process, welding rod diameter, welding current, welding speed, the length of arc welding, welding technology through pilot 2 liquidation Welded Joints: welding inspection groove, the assembly space to meet the requirements, positioning it firmly welding, weld around the oil pollution may be, of 3 baking electrode should meet the required temperature and time, remove from the oven in the electrode, on the electrode Baowen Tong, with the use of 4 welding current: According to the thickness of welding, welding level, electrode models, diameter, welder proficiency and other factors, select suitable welding 5 arc: Kok point arc welding ups and downs in the weld should end, to more than 10 mm, should not be casually playing arc, tinder-igniting immediately after the electrode from the seam zone will be opened so that the electrode and components Inter 2 ~ 4 mm to maintain a gap Butt Weld and docking and the combination of angle to weld, located at both ends of the arc-welding leads and board, must arc welding to the board after the arc welding, half-way joint weld joints should be in the front 15 ~ 20mm igniting the tinder, welding pieces after preheating will return to weld electrode at the beginning of the pool to fill the requirements of thickness, before welding 6 welding speed: isokinetic welding requirements to ensure that weld thickness, width uniform, masks, read from the pool of molten iron slag and maintain equidistance (2 ~ 3 mm) 7 welding arc length: electrode under different models identified, the general requirements of the same arc length stability, acid electrode is generally 3 ~ 4 mm, alkaline electrode is generally suitable 2 ~ 3 8 welding angle: According to weld the two pieces of the thickness determined that welding two 000-point, first welding electrode and the direction of the angle to 60 ~ 75 °; electrode and the second is the angle between two welding about the situation When welding pieces of equal thickness, the angle between the electrode and welding pieces are 45 °; When the thickness ranging from welding, welding electrode and thick pieces of angle between the side should be more than welding electrode and thinner pieces of angle between the side of 9 to arc: each seam welded to the end, the hole should be filled arc, to welding direction opposite direction with arc, arc welding, Hang left inside to prevent the arc Hang bite of Welding completed, should be used with arc-gas cutting and grinding formation, while the use hammer 10-Java: The whole of welding seam after removal of slag, the welder self-inspection (including the appearance and weld size, ) is no problem, before relocation to 2 welding: basic operation and the process of welding the same level, but should pay attention to the following questions: 1 under the same conditions, welding power than small-welding current 10 percent to 15 2 use of short-arc welding, arc length is generally 2 ~ 3 3 perspective based on welding electrode thickness Welding two pieces of equal thickness, the electrode and the electrode around the direction of both the angle between 45 °; two pieces of thickness ranging from welding, welding electrode and thick pieces of angle between the side of the thin side should be larger than the Electrode with the vertical plane formed 60 ° ~ 80 ° angle, slightly upward arc, toward pool 4 to arc: When welding to the end, the arc of a row pits will fill the arc, the arc moved to the central pool stopped Prohibited the arc Hang left In order to prevent bites of meat, should be suppressed transform arc welding rod angle so that the welding rod and welded pieces of vertical or slightly down from the arc Wang welding 3: basic and same-welding, welding current conditions compared with the current small-welding of 10% to 15%, Arc-2 ~ 4 Electrode perspective, Wang when welding electrode should Tilt Down, for their point of 70 ° ~ 80 °, to prevent hot metal According to weld the two pieces of different thickness, can be properly adjusted electrode perspective, with the welding electrode to the direction of 70 ° ~ 90 ° Yang welding 4: basic and welding, Wang welding the same, the electrode and welding pieces of angle and thickness of the welding, and welding electrode into the direction of 70 ° ~ 80 ° angle,宜用small current, short arc 3 winter low temperature welding: 1 in the environmental conditions of temperature below 0 ℃ under the Arc, in addition to compliance with the relevant provisions of ambient temperature welding, welding process parameters should be adjusted so that the weld and heat-affected zone slow Wind over four, the wind should take measures to cool after welding of the joints, should be avoided encounter snow and 2 welded steel structure in order to prevent cracks, should be preheated, preheat to control the temperature between When the temperature in the workplace 0 ℃ below, the process should be carried out tests to ascertain preheating appropriate, after the hot Quality Standards 1 ensure that the project 1 welding materials should be consistent with the design requirements and the relevant standards, should check the quality certificates and baking 2 The welder must pass the examination, inspection welder corresponding welding conditions of certification and testing 3 Ⅰ, Ⅱ-Weld must be approved by the detection test, and should meet the design requirements and construction standards and inspection requirements, inspection Weld Inspection 4 Weld surface Ⅰ, Ⅱ-weld should not crack, of welding, Shaochuan, pits and other defects Ⅱ-Weld may be the surface pores, slag, the arc pits, cracks, scratches and other defects arc, and weld Ⅰ level may be biting edge, not for welding 2 basic items 1 Weld Appearance: Weld uniform appearance, welding, and welding, welding and smooth transition between the basic metals, welding slag and flying purge 2 surface porosity: Ⅰ, Ⅱ-Weld does not allow; Ⅲ-weld seam length of each 50 mm in diameter, allowing ≤ 4 t; and ≤ 3 mm stomatal 2; ≤ 6 times the distance between stomatal 3 biting edge: Ⅰ-Weld does not Ⅱ-Weld: bite-depth ≤ 05 t, and ≤ 5 mm, for the length of ≤ 100 mm, and both sides of bite-chief of ≤ 10% weld Ⅲ-Weld: bite-depth ≤ Lt, and ≤ Note; t joining the thinner the 3 to allow deviation project Weld Ms high b <20 5 ~ 2 5 ~ 5 5 ~ 5 1 Butt Weld (mm) b ≥ 20 5 ~ 3 5 ~ 5 0 ~ 5 to <1 t and <1 t and <1 t and welding more than 0 of not more than 0 of not more than 0 welding angle size hf ≤ 6 0 ~ +5 weld seam 2 Kok (mm) hf> 6 0 ~ +3 of Weld Ms high hf ≤ 6 0 ~ +5 Regulation (mm) hf> 6 0 ~ +3 seized three T-shaped joint weld combination , Cross joints, joint angle> t / 4 check welding angle from the size of the weight ≥ 50 t, mid-level working crane beam T-shaped connector t / 2 and ≯ 10 Note: b width for Weld, t joining the thinner the thickness, hf for welding angle Product Protection Not allowed to hit 1 hit after welding joints, not just to the End of steel welding on the Low temperature should take measures to alleviate the 2 arbitrarily not be allowed outside the base metal in the weld on the 3 various components correction may be good after welding, and not free to move Sizing Block and Kaju, a component size to prevent Concealed parts of Weld must apply for concealed End acceptance procedures only after the next, hidden 4 low-temperature welding slag not immediately clear, and so should cool down after the Should pay attention to the quality problems Size exceed 1 to allow deviation: Weld length and width, width, thickness inadequate, the centerline offset, bending, and other deviations, should strictly control the welding parts of the relative position of size, rear-qualified welding, welding operation at 2 weld cracks: To prevent cracking, should be selected for the welding process parameters and welding procedures to avoid using high-current, do not suddenly off, weld joints should take 10 ~ 15 mm, welding in the wood allow moving, percussion welding P 3 surface porosity: electrode to the required temperature and time for baking, welding region must clean up, welding process of choosing the appropriate welding current, lower welding speed so that the pool of gas entirely Weld slag 4: multi-layers of welding should be clean welding slag removal, transport operators should be correct, appropriate Note the direction of the flow of slag, a basic electrode, on the need to remain in the slog slog Records
我考，16MnR焊接性很好，还研究个皮啊
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