The article second part carries on the profound analysis to our country present old population special rights and interests legislation protection present Elaborated our country old population special rights and interests protection law structure system incomplete, the legal content and the potency system non-equalization as well as the laws and regulations distributed the question which sees here and there the natural three aspects to legislate to hit Meanwhile elaborated our country old population legislation barrier from the old population legal awareness stratification plane and the legislative stratification plane two The third part through introduces and studies other national the old population rights and interests legislation protection policy and the advanced experience, mainly introduced country old population special rights and interests protection legislation's and so on Japan, Germany, Russia, US, Brazil experiences, make up for one's deficiency by learning from others' strong points, provides powerful model for our country senior citizen rights and interests legal protection, thus builds the rationale for the fourth chapter of the fourth chapter discussed the old population special rights and interests legislation in the first three chapter of fundamental research's foundation enhancement and consummates, proposed consummated our country old population special rights and interests legislation protection the The legislative aspect, revises "Senior citizen
In recent years, the judicial system reform is caused by the party and state, also became lawyers and judges, procurators, police, the media and the general public common This caused many legal scholars to explore the Scholars for judicial system problems and analyzing the cause of education: let me But, I still not constrained vision system to meet some scholars in China should construct the target system and how to adapt to independently in accordance with the principle of Therefore, this article will be in accordance with the law of "my understanding of the independent trial" define its meaning, based on the brief analysis ", "law of independent trial, expounds the necessity, necessary condition independently in accordance with the" in China's current trial "obstacles, finally from the party's style of leadership, national power allocation and reform of China as a macroscopic Angle, how to construct and independently in accordance with the" trial "ADAPTS to the target system proposed
Existing law does not expressly provides third-party claims against the system, but in practice, there exists a large number of third-party claims against the Tension between legislation and reality makes the judiciary in dealing with this type of application of civil law cases often deal with the hermeneutic approach of, or outright rejection of the legitimate creditors This is undoubtedly not conducive to the effective protection of creditor legal interests can not contain third party to continue to harm the interests of creditors of the case, contrary to the legal pursuit of a really Theoretically the phenomenon of third-party infringement claims a sustained discussion, debate a In this paper, Commentary on the basis of existing theories, from a third party claims against the interpretation of the concept to start, and gradually analysis of the causes of claims against the third person, and then thoroughly test the theoretical analysis of the relevant representation of countries and legal systems, and from multiple perspectives argues for a third person encroaches on the basis of claims the legitimacy of the system, this article concludes with a system Demonstrated in a number of segments, this paper presents more new ideas, new perspectives, in order to improve the protection system of China's claims to contribute to, in order to provide a theoretical basis for judicial The study based on ideas, this paper is divided into six The first chapter illustrates the concept of a third person against the claims put forward this point of view, this is the basis of full The second chapter is to analyze the causes of third-party infringement claims, mainly from the legal dimension and the economic dimensions of two angles to Chapter III is a test analysis of several typical foreign country's system, from extraction of the foreign countries The fourth chapter argues against the third person claims the legitimacy of the basis of the system, from the legal, economic, social and demonstrated several Chapter V is the proposal of building a system of third-party claims against the program, including claims-based and accountability in two This study methods are: literature study, empirical analysis, economic analysis, historical comparative Key words: third person, creditor's rights, infringement claims, claims-based 差不多
题目：With regard to criminal law theory in the understanding of a flagrant crime正文：Flagrant crime as a general social phenomenon, has been in existence for thousands of years of social history; including, in particular the concept of school as a flagrant crime committed, it can be said with the general sense of the crime have simultaneously; the concept of criminal law as a flagrant offense, has historically existed in thousands of human Openly committed as a criminal and the negative cultural expressions, whether it is the specificity of the Criminal Code norms on moral values or the reverse, and are worthy of criminal law theory researchers to explore in However, for a long time, China's Criminal Law刑法理论界on the "objective elements constitute a crime," the study focus, multi-objective aspects of running an essential element, that is against the act, against the findings and results of behavior and the causal relationship between on; for the crime as an objective choice of the implementation of elements of the crime the way, but rarely get In this paper, exploring a flagrant crime, not only confined to the study of criminal law perspective, but also learn from the crime, ethics, sociology, such as the perspective of the norms of a flagrant offense, the nature of black social evil, the negative value and its comprehensive evaluation Author惟愿through so many levels, multi-angle discussion to a more deepening and comprehensive three-dimensional interpretation that the truth will be openly committed to maximize the show in the face of social and readers, so expect it to for the development of China's Criminal Jurisprudence criminal applications of the research on the subject domain, to make its own modest 摘要的英文是:Abstract关键词是：Key words内容是：Flagrant；Flagrant crime
The theory of criminal law of shallow understanding irrtumslehreLegal irrtumslehre, namely, refers to the illegality mistake for own behavior in law, whether what crime constitutes a crime shall be punished by, or what is wrong, is to oneself the legal nature of the action of meaning or Legal irrtumslehre usually includes three conditions: (1) the actor's behavior in law does not constitute a crime, the offender and constitutes a crime for which imaginary guilty, (2) the behavior in law constitutes a crime and does not constitute a crime, the offender mistaken assumptions that innocent, (3) for his act constitutes a crime shall be convicted and punishment in light of the existing errors, misunderstanding or Due to the legal irrtumslehre, only to the behavior of the offender is not correct understanding of the legal assessment, and for their actions in fact correct understanding of the situation is still there, so its act constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility is and how it is not usually （1）Imaginary innocent treatment principleThe principles for imaginary innocence, whether it involves a deliberately Foreign criminal law theory basically has the following kinds:1）Should know that don't speak, just for criminal facts have Canada criminal code article 19 regulation: "the ignorance of the law excuses and crime can be ShuZui " Motto: "Roman law and legal disclaimer" somehow also expressed a principle, namely: "in the crime as subjective FanYi established condition, not request to recognize his behavior of richtswitrig"2）Should know the reason, according to two: moral responsibility theory, personality responsibility Moral responsibility theory emphasizes on the rationality of free will blame illegal conduct, is considered to be objective 3）That said, the possible illegality of responsibility for deliberately, at least to the possibility of understanding While in China mainland, the introduction of the concept of crime has another concept -- social consciousness that harm to discuss richtswitrig already Because the deliberate crime according to law condemn the illegality of the offender is not known, the law itself is not damaged, the law of the social consciousness is Social harm consciousness is the essential contents of the crime, illegal consciousness is the legal form of social Therefore, our country law more emphasis is on the rationality of essence, which is harmful to the society Just because of its social harmfulness, with a social moral evaluation colour, easier for people to grasp and Therefore, the author thinks that, in general, the person need to recognize his behavior may be the result of inevitable or harmful to the society, and has already With intentionally But in fact, the forbidden by law and mass that is harmful to the society in our country nowadays the behavior under the constitution should be consistent, in other words, know the social harmfulness also know the possibility of illegal, but know the possibility of illegal is inevitable should also realize social harmfulness, both are Therefore, it is generally thought that the law is no excuse, the reason of law does not exclude the misunderstanding in principle, but can be culpable for deliberately （2） Misunderstandings treatment PunishmentWe might as well so the essence of blame for his due: the crime in the subjective should blame or blame, for the intent or negligence If the offender because of misunderstanding that legal person feels very innocent, lack of this should blame or condemning sexual, from the fundamental measure, blame is absolutely not consider Especially in the modern society, the legal category SAN marino, legal entry in different fields and different levels of books, recognized, comprehend legal apparently endless and same, so the person of law and misunderstandings, not Now, both in theory and practice, the method not cling to forgive "seems to have in Therefore, to a certain extent, can also think admits exceptions excusable is legal misunderstanding of criminal law is an important symbol of In addition, it was not in the act of which is prohibited by the laws and regulations, especially after a circumstance, should have knowledge of richtswitrig actor, constitute the understanding of deliberate point of view, with the attitude of this understanding, of course, that is not the illegality or by the simple statement The author thinks that the only when the legal establishment of may, FangKeZu but The fact mistakeThat mistake, is to determine its subjective behavior nature and the criminal responsibility of the relevant facts wrong From the wrong reasons and phenomenon of angles, generally known that there are several mistakes:（1） Object irrtumslehreThe object is known for errors, whether there is objectively error It includes actor in the implementation of the existing criminal behavior of the hazards for the object and actually does not exist, or for criminal object and actually does not exist, or infringe a criminal object and actually invaded another crime The object of objects is usually known errors caused by mistake, but the object of different social relationship reflects Evil doer of objects and actual expected in fact not only harm object does not agree, and in the nature of law is not Therefore, the object irrtumslehre may affect the form of sin, crime accomplishment, and may even attempted to influence the For example, in view of the circumstances, not a thought before the enemy, and a party came to stick, afterwards just know the ox was A thought of damage is "people", and the actual wounded is "cow", do not belong to the same laws of the Similar situation and will generally be mistaken for drug trafficking items, Actor will stolen items in the theft of guns in stealing This object from the subjective errors, see, is a kind of mistake, From the objective, because the mistake crime to no avail, where the criminal attempted 1）Object mistakeObjects can be generalized mistake, including object mistake to belong to the object know mistake is inevitable object These include, is known to be wrong object of legal property of the same object mistake and legal properties of different objects, namely the object irrtumslehre In order to distinguish with the object mistake here, the cognition to the same object only mean error between the different objects, namely the misunderstanding of the evil doer expected objects and actual harm to the object, but not in fact in the legal nature of the same This object mistake again say things on purpose mistake not criminal As a reserve, killing b shall be killed as b and c, do not affect a This is the need to consider that a kill b behavior "mistake" cause others (c), belong to an intentional crime (b) "death", for the excess result, according to the results, which determine the ordinary mail of death was deliberately recognized for deliberately, to the death of the fault is propylene, identified as negligence, according to the intention or negligence of the general mark recognized FanYi or state of mind, not applicable rules of the 2） Behavior irrtumslehreBehavior mainly includes two kind of mistake: first, the behavior nature That actor has to its social harm nature, such as understanding not imaginary Behavior nature mistake might affect the form of sin, and may also affect Second, the behavior tools (methods) That person to use when the conduct of tool (methods), which affects not correct understanding of harm results, behavior tools (methods) mistake can affect crime or attempted was founded, also can affect crime or belongs to the incident, a typical for murder on hazardous substances, because the drug failure and failed to kill people, can think method or tools for error doer of consciousness beyond reason not to And as actor see armour, second coming together, hence shot to play, but can't hit by the party Look, this is from the phenomenon of an object, or the final results for the mistake, but this error is based on the fact that the wrong doer identify offender is carefully identify to begin, can think recognize is accurate, errors in ChaWu The solution to this situation, "said", its legal with qualitative and recognize wrong object is consistent, namely directly recognized as an intentional homicide The death of a person is directly intentionally to b, death is the indirect intentional, just for a to b is attempted, Additionally, if in daily life because misidentification object and damage of consequences, the crime itself is not just any criminal negligence because of 3)Causality irrtumslehreCausality mistake, is on his behavior and harmful results of actual connection between Generally include: first, not some harm result, as has happened This generally constitute a Second, has certain harm result, but not for actor or for his behavior is caused, and does not affect crime Third, really happened, the offender is aware of its behavior, but with the actual development between the harm to the process or a mistake, general to punish crime In theory, the offender is not only a crime, but continuous movement, this several continuous action is not a few crime, but a In this sense, doesn't exist on the results of the Legal irrtumslehre and facts mistake and proceduresDomestic scholars in fact know mistakes and errors between the issue legal representative views mainly include:（1）For own behavior whether in law constitutes a crime, criminal or what kind of criminal punishment shall be under the incorrect understanding is legal irrtumslehre for his behavior on the implementation of the incorrect understanding is the fact that mistake,（2）The objectivity of crime is a false understanding of crime, that mistake of objective facts have clear understanding, only to act in the evaluation of existing laws on the concept of law is not correct mistakes。（3）Actor known facts and actual fact don't agree is wrong, the person that judgment and objective law is law of illegal inconsistency These ideas basically could in theory and legal irrtumslehre fact distinguish mistakes, it is important to emphasize that：1) With the conviction that the so-called irrelevant, as this mistake to hit each other, the shooting head caused the death of heart, without vision of research into 2) Study of the theory of error, error occurs when the purpose, but whether to intentionally resistance, reduce plots affected only the wrong cognition, natural sentencing nor will it into the error theory 3) This does not constitute a crime and actor for crime, and for their behavior in the criminal law on the crimes and how to apply for criminal punishment on such specific knowledge error, conviction according to Based on this, the author thinks that, at the fact that criminal law is only to know wrong doer of elements to know the so-called objective facts constituents of mistake is the fact that the legal irrtumslehre error refers to the legal action is illegal and the evaluation of the From the theory of facts and legal irrtumslehre error, but the problem is in the law, criminal elements to the facts and law closely combined circumstances (like some administrative crimes and economic crimes), or is in a fact itself contains certain laws of evaluation content, to distinguish with a mistake is the fact that mistake or legal wrong, is often If the property of his humanity and obscenity obscenity, administrative rules and regulations, JinYuOu, disrupt public until its precondition of the legitimacy of the public, and legal irrtumslehre facts wrong intertwined, and this is what we distinguish facts and legal irrtumslehre errors will solve the In some cases, the defendant should know that because of the lack of knowledge, and not to the behavior of social harmfulness, so that the defendant is not "knowledge they will entail harmful consequences to society, and hope or allows such results" and deliberate crime, the burden of proof is only FanYi prosecution, in addition, prosecution without proof the defendant not normal, but normal mental and spiritual normal presumption defendant directly if the defendant that his spirit is not normal, it shall provide necessary evidence by himself to Thus, the author, on legal irrtumslehre processing, can adopt the presumption of ways to Which country presumption every normal citizens are known, unless the law can put forward defense "advantage prove" above, or the evidence rebut these presumption is From the efficiency of lawsuit, said the country is impossible to prove the defendant is known of the
Abstract Domestic violence refers to the family within the family among the members of the party against the other acts of violence, including physical injury, mental torture and sexual Domestic violence is a violation of personal rights of others Mostly occurs because of domestic violence within the family, the victims are often unable or unwilling to open, coupled with public indifference and judicial intervention is not enough, so that domestic violence and the occurrence of violence in society, compared to more subtle and complex nature of and Lead to domestic violence exists and the upward trend is a multi-faceted impact of both traditional and feudal ideas, but also economic and social system reasons, as well as the reasons for marriage, the parties Based on this, the author discusses this issue with a view to initiate the hope that more scholars can pay attention to China's domestic
The article second part carries on the profound analysis to our country present old population special rights and interests legislation protection present Elaborated our country old population special rights and interests protection law structure system incomplete, the legal content and the potency system non-equalization as well as the laws and regulations distributed the question which sees here and there the natural three aspects to legislate to hit Meanwhile elaborated our country old population legislation barrier from the old population legal awareness stratification plane and the legislative stratification plane two The third part through introduces and studies other national the old population rights and interests legislation protection policy and the advanced experience, mainly introduced country old population special rights and interests protection legislation's and so on Japan, Germany, Russia, US, Brazil experiences, make up for one's deficiency by learning from others' strong points, provides powerful model for our country senior citizen rights and interests legal protection, thus builds the rationale for the fourth chapter of the fourth chapter discussed the old population special rights and interests legislation in the first three chapter of fundamental research's foundation enhancement and consummates, proposed consummated our country old population special rights and interests legislation protection the The legislative aspect, revises "Senior citizen
没人会帮你的
英语八级翻译: The criminal policy of tempering justice with mercy ", "is based on the need of constructing the harmonious society, under the background of the new national policy of criminal It marks the establishment of our party and country to crime control measures to promote the overall, more mature Chinese legal process has the important practical In practice, tempering criminal judicial policy for criminal trial work has important The party and the country "tempering criminal policy, the pursuit of a harmonious and stable social effect is placed in a prominent position, and present the criminal policy of death, is the pursuit of a harmonious and stable social Keywords: tempering justice with mercy;crackdown；Cautious punishment；Death penalty policy；The criminal justice
The subject is: a blatant crime on the criminal law of the theoretical knowledgeAbstract: a flagrant crime as a general social phenomenon, has been in existence for thousands of years of social history; including, in particular the concept of school as a flagrant crime committed, it can be said with the general sense of the crime have simultaneously; the concept of criminal law as a flagrant offenders has also been historically exist in human society a thousand Openly committed as a criminal and the negative cultural expressions, whether it is the specificity of the Criminal Code norms on moral values or the reverse, and are worthy of criminal law theory researchers to explore in However, for a long time, China's Criminal Law on the "objective elements constitute a crime," the study focus, multi-objective aspects of running an essential element, that is against the act, against the findings and results of behavior and the causal relationship between on; for the crime as an objective choice of the implementation of elements of the crime the way, but rarely get In this paper, exploring a flagrant crime, not only confined to the study of criminal law perspective, but also learn from the crime, ethics, sociology, such as the perspective of the norms of a flagrant offense, the nature of black social evil, the negative value and its comprehensive evaluation Author through so many levels, multi-angle discussion to a more deepening and comprehensive three-dimensional interpretation that the truth will be openly committed to maximize the show in the face of social and readers, so expect it to for the development of China's Criminal Jurisprudence criminal applications of the research on the subject domain, to make its own modest Key words: flagrant flagrant crime
没人会帮你的
Abstract: By the definition of the rule of law and the principles of administration according to law put forward the basic requirements of administration according to law: the law, according to the law, Zhifabiyan, W And the development of China's administration according to law on the status: China's administration according to law in affirming the results achieved at the same time, also pointed out that at this stage of the existence of the problem can not be ignored: (1) in ideology, part of the executive staff legal Mean (2) in the legislative, executive and the legislature more gaps, lags behind the progress of legislation and low (3) in administrative law enforcement, the existing administrative law enforcement system deficiencies, laws, regulations, rules and regulations and lack of coordination between and unification of the executive law enforcement officers from the hard (4) in administrative supervision, the existing system of administrative supervision over law enforcement law enforcement not enough, not strong sense of This paper also proposed a future comprehensive promoting administration according to law should pay attention to the problem: (1) to enhance the quality of education, improve the operational level of law enforcement officers, the authorities changed their work style, a better guarantee for the exercise of the rights in accordance with the (2) to speed up legislation as soon as possible, perfect the legal (3) to strengthen the law on administrative supervision, to ensure the legality of administrative In the future administration of the law, in the good old laws and regulations of the finishing work, but should also accelerate the introduction of some new Use legal means to make administrative procedures standardized and institutionalized, so that the implementation of the decisions
The emergence of the institution of compensation for mental injury indicates the development of social civilization development has reached a new With the development of society, the increasingly rich material life, people pay more attention to the spirit realm of life, civil main body their personal rights are infringed upon by requiring the infringer remedies by property compensation civil legal system has been the world wide approval, at present our country's spiritual damage compensation system is still exists serious defects, based on the concept of the institution of compensation for mental injury, scope and some legal provisions in China was analyzed, institution of compensation for mental injury problems and to perfect the institution of compensation for mental injury provide constructability Suggestions, making it a better protection of the legal rights of the Keywords: Spiritual damage compensation Legislative defects perfect State compensation
你好，法律方面的论文大部分是按照这个思路去写的：选题，你在生活中发现存在哪些法律问题，你对这个法律问题有看法。比如：论保险代位求偿行使中的若干法律问题。选好你要写的论题后，就开始查找有关论题方面的资料，比如现行规定，学者们对这方面的定义，主流的观点，这方面的案例等。大概熟悉在你论题方面的基本知识和对问题的认识后，就可以开始着手正文了。各个学校都有对论文格式的要求，一定要严格按照学校要求的格式来完成论文。多和同学交流，不懂就问老师。跟你说说正文怎么写。本科论文可以分成三部分进行，第一部分是中文摘要，引言，相关概念特征，立法现状等；第二部分，重点是第二部分，这一部分要求你提出在存在的问题，然后针对问题给出解决的办法。第三部分就是把你的参考文献列出，再致谢就可以了。谢谢，请采纳！
以下是学术堂整理的关于法学论文写作的一些建议,希望有所帮助 刘南平博士说: 简单地讲,它(命题)应该是贯穿整个博士论文的中心论点,是你试图在论文中探讨或论证的一个基本问题或基本观点 在初步阅读文献的基础上,可以拟一个提纲,提纲可以澄清思路,也可以使作者一目了然地看出自己的思路是否前后一致;还可以列一个参考文献目录,使自己明白要看和要找的资料;与人讨论自己的论文构思,也是一个好办法 问题是否成熟不完全在于这个主题下已经有多少篇论文了,而在于问题是否被人看到了、解决了 如果你仅仅检索、参考和引用论文,你只能在一个狭隘的圈子里说话,而且往往还无甚新意 如果你要梳理一个制度的来龙去脉、一个概念的生发演变,那些故纸堆里的东西可能正好是你要找的,那些变化的细节也许正是值得你关注的 可以这么说,一手资料是金,二手资料是铜,三手资料是垃圾 一个初入门者,可能会借助作者身份、期刊或者出版社、发表 或者出版 的时间 版次 、被引用乃至下载次数等外在因素去判断,这些不是完全没有道理: 一个权威期刊上发表的文章,可以假定比一个三流刊物上同主题的文章要靠谱; 一篇被频繁引用或者大量下载的文章,总比一篇没人引用的同主题文章要好一些; 一本几次再版或者多次印刷的教科书,大体上是品质的保证; 你所了解的一位名声在外而素来严谨的学者写的东西,永远值得重视; 在我看来,文献质量取决于三个因素: 一是思想的原创性或者出处的原生性; 二是论证的严谨性或者报道的准确性; 三是影响力; 思想的原创性,指一个学术概念或者观点最早是谁、在哪里提出的,或者一个事件最早是谁报道的,通常只有阅读了大量文献,理清思想的脉络以后,才能作出准确的判断 以美国为例,主流的 Law Review 差不多每个法学院都有,其中最有名的当数「哈佛法律评论」「耶鲁法律杂志」「哥伦比亚法律评论」 互联网上的信息,必须查到它原始的出处;没有找到原始出处,都属于道听途说 国家统计局网站提供了各种官方统计数据或者数据链接, 内事不决问百度,外事不决问谷歌也 查找文献有两种方法: 一是确定范围、全面排查,即确定检索范围、检索方式和检索词,进行地毯式的检索; 二是顺藤摸瓜、延伸阅读,即根据已有文献提供的线索做进一步检索; 这两种方法应当交替并用,只用一种还不行 四种比较常用的方法,即现场观察、深度访谈、问卷调查和文献分析 描述状况的具体方法有好多种,比较常用的有举例说明、统计数据和类比说明三种方法 要注意的是,用于类比的事物与类比对象不一定有实质上的同源性,其类比也不见得精确合理 属性分析在教科书中是相当常见的,每讲到一个重要概念,教科书都会给出一个定义,指出它的属性 如果大家都是从自己定义的概念或者自己奉行的教条出发,以不具有共识的观点作为论证的前提,就无法进行有意义的学术讨论;要真正解决前面所说的行政合同一类的问题,恐怕需要回到原点,把它放在现实情景中重新探讨它的属性 理想类型则是在对纷繁芜杂的现象进行整理、提炼所得的典型;它不完全对应于经验事实,不是对现实的精确描绘,但又基于经验事实,抓住了现实的一些基本特征 法律条文作为论据也不是所向披靡的,它作为论据的有效性取决于几个因素: 一是法条含义的明确性; 二是法条自身的有效性; 三是法律条文与论证主题的相关性; 体系解释,指根据相关条款在法律文本章、节、款、项中的位置来解释该条款的含义;这是文意解释的延伸,但仍然是在法律文本 运用学说作为论证根据,要注意分析其内在理路,避免简单地"耍大牌"或者"数人头":你搬出梁慧星,我抬出王泽鉴;支持你观点的只有两位学者,支持我观点的有五位学者······这都不是理性讨论的态度 标题的功能有两种:一是表明论题,二是表明命题梁慧星教授曾提出,标题"必须是动宾结构的短语,不能是句子;只确定研究对象,不表达作者观点" "考",多用于事实问题的考证;"批判",则火药味较浓,宜慎用;"论纲",多指问题很大,现在只能说个纲要 如果用一句话来概括,应当是:与你的研究主题相关的重要的学术文献
自己写去。。。
据学术堂的了解,法律论文一般由内容提要、关键词、前言、正文、结语、插图和参考文献几个部分组成 内容提要:我们生活在一个信息爆炸的时代,学术论文汗牛充栋,一个人终其一生往往无法阅读一个学科所有的论文了读者只能根据自己的需要筛选了,在筛选论文时他们首先看内容提要,以便了解以下信息:1)作者要解决什么问题;2)为什么选这个题目;3)用什么方法(或用什么资料);4)得到了什么结论;5)如果有争议,作者怎么看读者在得到这些信息后,决定要不要看全文所以研究者在撰写内容提要时,需要体现以上几项内容篇幅不能太短,短了不能写足上述要素;当然也不能太长,长了就啰嗦 关键词:在信息爆炸的时代,我国读者一般使用知网和JSTOR这样的电子数据库搜索论文时,往往输入关键词所以,研究者在写关键词时需要斟酌,以便让读者找到自己的论文可惜的是,很多人选择关键词往往很随意,选择了一些无关紧要的词我们需要以己度人,了解读者喜欢用什么关键词检索一般来说,关键词要能体现选题的重要方面 前言:此部分为正文的前奏,其目的就是回顾研究文献,提出新问题和研究方案这一部分的主要任务是介绍一个选题的研究史,点评前人的论着,既指出他们的成果,又剖析他们的不足实际上,这就是把文献阅读部分的工作成果收入其中在前人的遗留问题之中,挑选一个重要的,又可行的问题作为自己的选题锁定了研究对象还不够,在此部分还要提出一个研究方案来 正文:此部分要展现论证过程选题不同论证过程也不同,需要分别对待文史方面的选题可以分解成若干子问题,然后提供证据,形成子观点;最后由子观点构成大观点科技考古方面的选题,则需要利用研究方法或技术手段,讨论辨析由此获得的数据,然后得到结论 结语:结语的要害在于简要重复论文的主要部分,也就是新问题、研究方法、证据和结论结语不能太短,短了不能充分呈现论证过程;不宜太长,长了就有啰嗦之嫌在这个部分不能出现新资料和新观点;任何新资料和新观点(想法)只能出现在正文中,结语只是归纳复述正文的重要内容 插图:插图样式多样,可以是照片、线图和表格,现在还可以是视频它是重要的支撑资料,一方面可以说明研究对象,一方面可以提供物证它们既可以展示比较抽象的理论、概念和研究对象,帮助读者理解它们,也可以展示物证和数据,支撑论文它们既不能太多,也不能太少,关键是能够说明论文中关键概念、对象,或者呈现数据在此部分,插图要与正文结合;也就是说正文的重要理论、概念和器物需要插图来说明,观点需要物证和数据来支撑;同时插图不能茫无目的,要为论文服务,否则就不要使用插图需要添加文字,说明插图名称、图例、比例当然,如果插图涉及知识产权,还要注明来源 注释:研究者在写作论文时,少不了引用以往的研究成果,或者观点,或者数据(资料),或者方法为了尊重以往成果,研究者需要做注释,以避免剽窃之嫌需要注意的是,这里所说的以往成果,既有他人的,也有作者自己的我国不少学者往往在意他人成果,而忽略了自己的成果做注释还有另外用途,就是方便读者查阅出处,检验论文是否严谨扎实因为如果研究者在做注时,没有看过所引论文,或者一知半解,容易出错实际上,注释是一个研究者的信誉晴雨表,如果在注释上不认真,读者会认为研究者是个马虎的人,靠不住的人至于注释的格式,现在各个大学发布的学位论文规范都有说明发表时,各个出版社和期刊也有自己的规定,这里就不赘述了 文献目录:现在学位论文一般要求在论文末尾放文献目录但是文献目录一定要与脚注相一致,脚注里面出现的目录有,同时目录有的脚注也得有 论文是一个非常复杂的工程写作一篇论文需要遵循可阅读、可检验、可追溯和可检索四条原则作者需要明白论文的结构,清楚各个要素即内容提要、关键词、前言、正文、结语、插图和参考文献的功能,写好每个要素此外,论文还要注意术语的延续性、体悟读者的需要、避免抄袭、使用平实语言和发掘论文价值