欧洲的法律文献有哪些英文

积特知识产权：如何申请欧洲专利，都有哪些专利？　　目前，欧盟的地区专利有欧洲专利（欧洲发明专利）和欧盟外观专利：　　一、欧洲专利申请　　根据《欧洲专利公约》授予的专利称为欧洲专利，它是授予具有工业实用性、绝对新颖性和创造性的发明。欧洲专利通过欧洲专利局（EPO）提交申请，申请人可以请求授予欧洲专利权对一个或数个缔约国有效（目前，欧洲专利可在34个缔约国及4个延伸国生效）。　　申请途径：PCT途径、《巴黎公约》途径　　申请流程：准备申请文件　　向欧洲专利局提交申请　　受理（欧洲专利局发出受理通知书）　　形式审查（欧洲专利局对专利进行格式等方面的形式审查）　　检索报告（欧洲专利局对申请作出检索报告，申请人需对检索报告答辩）　　公开（专利申请案于申请日(优先权日)起18个月届满公开）　　请求实质审查（申请人须在申请文件公开日后6个月内提交审查请求）　　实质审查（欧洲专利局对申请进行审查，申请人须对审查意见通知书提交答辩意见）　　授权与公告（如果专利申请符合法律要求，欧洲专利局对该发明创造授予专利权并公告授权专利）　　生效手续（申请人须在欲获得专利保护的国家完成生效手续，某些国家需要对权利要求书或其他专利文件提交该国语言的翻译文本）。　　二、欧盟外观专利申请　　欧盟外观专利是直接向欧盟知识产权局提出申请，同时在28个欧盟国家生效的外观专利，有授权快、费用低、覆盖范围广、保护期限长等特点。　　欧盟28个成员国包括： 法国、德国、意大利、比利时、荷兰、卢森堡、丹麦、爱尔兰、英国、希腊、西班牙、葡萄牙、奥地利、芬兰、瑞典、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、立陶宛、拉脱维亚、马耳他、波兰、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、保加利亚、罗马尼亚和克罗地亚。英国（退欧中，暂不受影响，但若退欧成功或将不受保护）。　　申请途径：《巴黎公约》途径　　申请流程：准备申请文件　　向欧盟知识产权局提交申请　　受理（欧盟知识产权局发出受理通知书）　　审查（欧盟知识产权局对专利进行格式等方面的形式审查）　　授权（如果申请符合法律要求，欧盟知识产权局颁发欧盟外观证书并公告授权）

英国的《权利法案》，应该是世界上的第一部宪法，法国的就多了《人权宣言》，拿破仑的3部法律民商刑法典等，美国的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》，《宅地法》，《独立宣言》，1787年宪法，1789年宪法等意义不言而喻了！

Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals (REACH) is a European Union Regulation of 18 December [1] REACH addresses the production and use of chemical substances, and their potential impacts on both human health and the Its 849 pages took seven years to pass, and it has been described as the most complex legislation in the Union's history[2] and the most important in 20 [3] It is the strictest law to date regulating chemical substances and will impact industries throughout the [4] REACH entered into force in June 2007, with a phased implementation over the next OverviewWhen REACH is fully in force, it will require all companies manufacturing or importing chemical substances into the European Union in quantities of one tonne or more per year to register these substances with a new European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki, F Because REACH applies to some substances that are contained in objects ('articles' in REACH terminology), any company importing goods into Europe could be [4]About 143,000 chemical substances marketed in the European Union were pre-registered by the 1 December 2008 Although pre-registering was not mandatory, it allows potential registrants much more time before they have to fully Supply of substances to the European market which have not been pre-registered or registered is illegal (known in REACH as "no data, no market")REACH also addresses the continued use of chemical 'substances of very high concern' (SVHC) because of their potential negative impacts on human health or the From 1 June 2011, the European Chemicals Agency must be notified of the presence of SVHCs in articles if the total quantity used is more than one tonne per year and the SVHC is present at more than 1% of the mass of the Some uses of SVHCs may be subject to prior authorisation from the European Chemicals Agency, and applicants for authorisation will have to include plans to replace the use of the SVHC with a safer alternative (or, if no safer alternative exists, the applicant must work to find one) - known as 'substitution' As of March 2009, there are fifteen SVHC[5]REACH applies to all chemicals imported or produced in the EU, in contrast to the US Toxic Substances Control Act which only applies to chemicals newly coming into The European Chemicals Agency will manage the technical, scientific and administrative aspects of the REACH The European Commission supports businesses affected by REACH by handing out - free of charge - a software application (IUCLID), which simplifies capturing, managing and submitting of data on chemical properties and HistoryREACH is the product of a wide-ranging overhaul of EU chemical It passed the first reading in the European Parliament on 17 November 2005, and the Council of Ministers reached a political agreement for a common position on 13 December The European Parliament approved REACH on 13 December 2006 and the Council of Ministers formally adopted it on 18 December Weighing up expenditure versus profit has always been a significant issue, with the estimated cost of compliance being around 5 billion euro over 11 years, and the assumed health benefits of saved billions of euro in healthcare [6] However, there have been different studies on the estimated cost which vary considerably in the A separate regulation – the CLP Regulation (for "Classification, Labelling, Packaging") – implements the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and will steadily replace the previous Dangerous Substances Directive and Dangerous Preparations D It came into force on 20 January 2009, and will be fully implemented by [edit] Reason behind REACH The legislation was proposed under dual reasoning: protection of human health and protection of the Using potentially toxic substances (such as phthalates or brominated flame retardants) is deemed undesirable and REACH will force the use of certain of these substances to be phased Using potentially toxic substances in products other than those ingested by humans (such as electronic devices) may seem to be safe, but there are several ways in which chemicals can enter the human body and the Substances can leave articles during consumer use, for example into the air where they can be inhaled or Even where they might not do direct harm to humans, they can contaminate the air or water, and can enter the food chain through plants, fish or other According to the European Commission, little safety information exists for 99 percent of the tens of thousands of chemicals placed on the market before [4] There were 100,106 chemicals in use in the EU in 1981, when the last survey was Of these only 3,000 have been tested and over 800 are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to These are listed in the Annex 1 of the Dangerous Substances Directive (now Annex 3 of the CLP Regulation)Continued use of many toxic chemicals is sometimes justified because 'at very low levels they are not a concern to health'[7] However, many of these substances may bioaccumulate in the human body, thus reaching dangerous They may also chemically react with one another,[8] producing new substances with new [edit] Controversy Apart from the potential costs to industry and the complexity of the new law, REACH has also attracted concern because of the potential for a very significant increase in animal testing under the [9] Animal tests on vertebrates are allowed only once per one substance, and where suitable alternatives can't be If a company pays for these tests, it must sell the rights to the results for a "reasonable" price (although this is not defined) There are additional concerns that access to the necessary information may prove very costly for potential registrants needing to purchase A opinion in Nature in 2009 by Thomas Hartung & Constanza Rovida estimated that 54 million vertebrate animals would be used under REACH and that the costs would amount to 5 billion Euros[10] Hartnung is the former head of European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) ECHA responded by criticising the assumptions made in Hartnung and Rovida's calculations, causing them to overestimate the number of animals used by a factor of [11]On 8 June 2006 the REACH proposal came under criticism from a group of nations including the United States, India and Brazil claiming that the bill would hamper global [12][edit] Fraud Non-EU consultancies offer “Only Representative” services, though according to REACH it is not possible to register a substance if your company is not based in the EUThe SIEFs will bring new Some ‘pre-registrants’ may simply be consultants hoping for work (“gold diggers”) while others may be aiming to charge exorbitant rates for the data they have to offer (“jackals”)[13]