欧洲文化欣赏论文

欧洲古典音乐欣赏 音乐是一种文化现象，欧洲古典音乐是欧洲文化的结晶，它包括交响乐、管弦乐、歌剧协奏曲、器乐独奏等，欣赏欧洲古典音乐，可以培养对音乐的兴趣和爱好，全面提高人的素质和审美能力，通过几年对古典音乐的欣赏和教学，谈谈我的见解。 最容易进入古典音乐的殿堂就是官能欣赏，即满足于音乐的直觉感受，也就是说你觉得音乐旋律优美动听或者有一定的振罕力，给人以力量，振奋精神。你认为是好的声音、好的音乐不必考虑其他的内涵。如果有一套较好音响，你就更爱听，听得轻松听得舒服，时间长了你就很快进入古典音乐的殿堂。 再一进步就是古典音乐情感的欣赏，也就是通过感受音乐的各要素，体验、理解音乐的情感，在欣赏过程中，对音乐的节奏、旋律和声、音色、力度、速度、调式、曲式、织体加以了解分析，节奏常被比喻为音乐的骨架，节奏是音乐中重拍弱拍的周期性，有规律的重复进行，基本的节奏所表现的音乐风格我们应该要了解，如慢三、慢四一般表现抒情、优美，圆舞（快三）表活泼，进行曲表现有力量等；旋律也称曲调，高低起伏的音乐按一定的节奏有秩序地横向组织起来，我们在欣赏音乐的过程中思想一定要跟着旋律走，基本的感觉一定要找到，如水平进行时表现的是柔和和优美、宁静、级进和跳进时就是主题推向高潮，下行一般表现激烈转为平静；和声也称和弦的运用，一般欧洲古典音乐都是多声部的音乐，如果说旋律是横向进行，和声就是纵向进行的，如此以来，音乐就丰满起来，也有了气势；音乐力度、速度等这些要素我们可以适当学习一些音乐常识得以掌握，欧洲古典音乐作品的曲式、和声、织体是十分规范严谨的，我们可以运用这些知识去体验理解，再加自兴趣进入欧洲的古典音乐情感的欣赏也是不难实现的。 欣赏欧洲古典音乐最高层次是理智的欣赏，也就是说不仅体验、理解音乐的情感，还能对音乐作品的形式、内容、民族特征、社会价值和艺术价值等作出分析和评价。要想达到这个层次，我们必须了解欣赏欧洲古典音乐的三元素，即创作背景、演奏者的再创作；欣赏者自身的理解。欧洲古典的创作背景一般可分为四个时期：第一时期巴洛克时期，这个时期的代表人物有德国巴赫也称音乐之父，主要作品《十二平均律》、《托卡塔及赋格》；亨德尔也称清唱剧大师，主要作品《水上音乐》、《皇家烟火》等；意大利的维瓦尔弟，主要作品《四季》等，这个时期的音乐风格旋律优美、柔和。第二时期是古典主义时期代表人物，有海顿、莫扎特、贝多芬等，这个时期的音乐特征主题鲜明、有一定的冲突性。第三个时期是浪费主义和民族乐派，代表人物有德彪西舒曼、舒伯特、拉威尔、柴可夫斯基、斯美塔那、德沃夏克等，这个时期的音乐背景比较复杂，特征主要是作曲形式多样化，有了一定改革，音乐表现有些委婉、抽象，且有号召力，有鲜明的民族风格。第四个时期是近代主义乐派，代表人物有斯特莱文斯基、格什温、马勒等，作品特征和声配器丰富，旋律性不太强，内涵深，有的还带有爵士风味，这个时期的作品较难理解，其方法必须多次反复欣赏，多阅读相关资料；掌握演奏者的再创作，必须要了解世界上著名的指挥家、演奏家、著名乐团的基本情况和风格，如：指挥家卡拉扬、伯恩思坦、阿巴多、小择震尔等，著名乐团、柏林爱乐乐团、维也纳爱乐乐团等，他们的指挥与演奏风格。有选择性地购置录音带、CD，要选择著名唱片公司、著名指挥家和乐团的作品，而且多了解他们再创作过程背景和个性。欣赏者自身的理解是根据自身的文化层次对音乐的理解，音乐不同于其它学科，它反映的东西是比较模糊的，也比较抽象的，因此，可以充分发挥自己的想象力，例如，在欣赏柴可夫斯基《天鹅湖》的场景时，可以想象一群长着翅膀如少女在宁静的湖面上翩翩起舞、若影若现，也可想象一群天鹅在湖面上轻轻地、慢慢地游荡。总之发挥自己的想象，将三元素有机联系起来，多听著名作品，感觉是美的东西就去欣赏、去思考，就会进入欧洲古典音乐欣赏最高层次。 学习欧洲古典音乐，理解古典音乐，欣赏欧洲古典音乐，将给我们的生活增添无限的乐趣。

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However , because of bad navigation, they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire ” (W P Trent, 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo, 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

1 十八、十九世纪奥斯曼帝国与欧洲文化交往研究 西北大学 2009 2 欧洲体育文化研究 北京体育大学 2006 3 论阿拉伯伊斯兰文化对欧洲文化的影响 上海外国语大学 2007 4 跨文化旅游视角下的赴藏区欧洲游客消费行为研究 西北师范大学 2009 5 欧洲一体化进程中的文化认同 上海师范大学 2009 6 欧洲一体化进程中政治文化因素的影响研究 西北大学 2010 7 跨文化视野下出境旅游行为研究 四川师范大学 2008 8 近现代文化艺术思潮影响下的欧洲城市景观艺术设计 江南大学 2007 9 浅析欧洲一体化进程中的欧洲文化认同 吉林大学 2008 10 论欧洲一体化进程中的政治文化认同 上海外国语大学 2007 ……东西农家，提供国内外论文、专利、电子图书检索服务。

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给你一个欧洲文化的起源。世界四大文明古国之外，在当时它们4个正辉煌的时候，世界的边缘有一个稍微小点儿的文明在酝酿，这个文明的中心或者说所在地，就在希腊南方的最大的岛上，处于地中海的东部，叫什么忘了，自己百度吧。这个文明很稀稀落落，演变成希腊文明，然后地中海东部的小亚细亚人与意大利人的加入，变成罗马文明，再然后就是大罗马文明，相当于中国的周朝，然后就是瓦解成如今的英德法意二牙和南斯拉夫什么什么的。这是欧洲文化的起源。