建筑陶瓷论文

陶瓷瓦作为我国古代建筑的重要构成元素,它伴随着皇家建筑而生,是我国古代建筑礼制的重要组成部分。中国古代陶瓷瓦在形制标准化、制作技艺及使用方法方面有很多独特性的创造。这有两个原因：一是我国古代低温釉陶烧制技艺的进步,二是我国古代制瓦技艺的发展。 陶瓷瓦的历史源流。据考古发掘,从北魏时期开始,中国古代的宫殿建筑和皇家寺庙建筑已开始使用陶瓷瓦,历经隋、唐、宋、元,陶瓷瓦的种类不断增加,烧制技术已臻成熟,出现了专门烧制陶瓷瓦的窑口。至明清时期,陶瓷瓦的烧制技艺达到了顶峰,陶瓷瓦件制作已经趋于标准化,陶瓷瓦的生产也初具规模化。在类型学的分析中,主要是明代的陶瓷瓦,因为在明代,陶瓷瓦进入了它的全盛期。这一时期陶瓷瓦的生产,无论数量或质量都超过过去任何朝代,官式建筑已经高度标准化、定型化,瓦的色彩、题材均有严格规定,因此对明代陶瓷瓦的分型研究具有较大的意义。关于陶瓷瓦的窑业技术。主要从陶瓷窑、陶瓷瓦的烧造流程以及陶瓷瓦的主要产地分布三方面阐述了陶瓷瓦窑艺技术的硬件基础与发展状况。据已经发掘的琉璃窑资料,以南京聚宝山明代陶瓷窑为代表,剖析了陶瓷窑的结构以及烧窑方式。在陶瓷瓦的烧造流程这一部分中,详细介绍了陶瓷瓦的制胎、配釉、烧成各个流程。根据历史文献的记载以及考古实物资料,梳理了明代及以前的陶瓷瓦的主要产地分布。建筑礼制。陶瓷瓦至少在明清时期已形成系统的建筑礼制。这一部分主要从陶瓷瓦的使用范围、陶瓷瓦的色彩等级、陶瓷瓦的构件规制等三方面阐述了这一礼制的具体内涵。陶瓷瓦的使用和封建等级制度是紧密相连的,在某种程度上构成了封建王朝的建筑礼制体系。

我对安徽省陶瓷发展的认识 陶瓷的产生和发展，实际上是同人们的生活和生产实践紧密相连的。 大约在70万年以前的原始时代，人们就发现，将泥巴晾干后加火一烧就变得坚硬起来，而且可以做成各种形状用来盛水，放食物等等，这便是陶器产生的初始。陶器的发明是人类文明的重要进程，它揭开了人类利用自然、改造自然、与自然做斗争的新的一页，具有重大的历史意义，是人类生产发展史上的一个里程碑。 目前，在安徽省的六安，霍山，巢湖，淮北，宿松，宣城等地分布着13家建筑卫生陶瓷生产企业，共有18条生产线在投产，产品涵盖地砖，内墙砖，仿古砖，西瓦，卫生洁具等种类，年产各类瓷砖4000万平方米左右，西瓦达到1亿片，总值达到7亿元。 安徽的建筑陶瓷企业主要集中在淮北烈山陶瓷公园，在该工业园内分布着美康，粤州，新生活，嘉美，中博，惠尔普和伯爵等7家陶瓷企业，这些企业主要以生产内墙砖和地砖为主，产品销往省内和周边地区。近年来，由于国家惠农政策的实施以及国家对城镇市场建设力度的加大，导致农村市场对瓷砖的需求量持续增长，而淮北这些企业由于生产的产品档次不高，主要定位在广大的城镇市场和一些城乡结合部的市场，所以目前陶瓷企业的产品销售形势比较好。在淮北市，目前产量最大的企业是惠尔普陶瓷，该企业2条现代化的大型陶瓷生产线，以生产墙地砖为主，日产量达到24000平米。 自2004年开始，淮北烈山区一直在致力于建筑陶瓷产业。据了解，淮北及周边地区蕴藏着丰富的陶瓷原料，适合大规模发展中低档陶瓷产品，吸引了一批陶瓷企业的入驻。陶瓷产业的形成需要大量的陶瓷企业及配套厂家的介入，随着入驻企业的增多，该区在积极引导当地协作资本投入陶瓷服务业的同时，加快引导异地协作力量，并使其本土化。先后与温州金泰尔公司等企业签订了高岭土开发项目，与佛山华信窑炉，中冠色釉料公司等公司建立了配套服务关系，在烈山陶瓷基地内形成了较为完善的企业链条，为进一步提高产品档次夯实了基础。目前，广东，福建，浙江，山东，台湾等地的多家陶瓷企业也明确了来淮投资的意向，具体事宜正在进一步的洽谈当中。 在发展的过程中，淮北烈山陶瓷工业园也存在着诸多问题，主要有：1 煤电价格偏高，没有彰显淮北优势。陶瓷产业系高耗能产业，虽然淮北是能源基地，但电价比山东高，山东淄博的陶瓷产品电力成本约2元/平方米，西安的电力成本约1元/平方米，淮北市约6元/平方米。煤价比山西高，山西块煤加上320元/吨的运费拉到本地价格为720-730元/吨；关键是本地煤热值和产气量低于山西块煤，7家企业反映本地煤不能使用，目前7家企业的煤气发生炉全部使用山西煤，没有彰显淮北优势。2 物流业发展相对滞后，交通运输成本偏高，陶瓷生产成本加大。陶瓷产业是一个大进大出的产业，目前烈山陶瓷基地每天需购进陶瓷原料1500吨，同样需输出陶瓷产品1500吨，这样大进大出的产业需要发达的物流业协作。3 陶瓷原料开发有待进一步加快。目前烈山陶瓷生产需用的原料来自山东（透灰石，来阳土），凤阳（石英砂），永城，萧县，符离集，夹沟（瓷石，白土），徐州，枣庄（粘土）和淮北（黑土，风化瓷石，瓷粉，高岭土），外调陶瓷原料不利运输成本的降低。陶瓷原料矿产开发滞后，本地陶瓷原料资源情况不清，不能与陶瓷工业发展相配套。4陶瓷产业规模弱小，相关产业不匹配。陶瓷产品档次偏低，产品知识和城乡结合部及边远农村消费；规模偏小经济实力差，相关产业不匹配，没有形成规模生产；设备陈旧,工艺落后 ，耗煤，耗电量大，生产效率低，品牌影响力弱，产品知名度不高，品牌名气小，在市场上缺乏竞争力很难与国外陶瓷名牌抗衡，不利于市场拓展和竞争。 据烈山陶瓷工业园负责人介绍，为了为了更好地打造淮北烈山陶瓷基地，基地的建设将遵循“集中，统一，共享，提高”的指导思想，加大本地陶瓷原料矿产资源勘查及开发力度，整合现有企业，构筑平台，招商引资，扩大规模，以佛山陶瓷为主，积极引进国内外知名陶瓷企业落户，体现“产品项目，基础设施，商贸物流，环境保护，管理服务”五位一体，建成新型，生态，集群式，可持续发展的陶瓷产业基地。到2010年，形成陶瓷产业链雏形重点扶持20个规模以上的陶瓷生产企业，建成安徽省重要的陶瓷生产基地。 此外，在六安地区分布着御石陶瓷，大华陶瓷，新腾飞陶瓷等3家企业，6条生产线在产，主要生产仿古砖和西瓦。其中，安徽御石陶瓷有限公司是一家专业生产各类高档仿古砖的企业，公司位于霍山经济开发区，目前拥有4条现代化的陶瓷生产线，该产品的80%都是出口到国外的市场。公司2006年6月份运营以来，产品销售形势比较乐观，尽管曾经经济危机对中国陶瓷出口影响较大，但丝毫没有影响到御石产品强劲的出口步伐，产品畅销到欧洲，美洲，中东等地区。另外安庆宿松县，巢湖和宣城也有3家陶瓷企业，主要以生产西瓦和卫生洁具为主。

China is a country with a long history of ceramics, ceramic culture broad and But as a modern building ceramics doubly from the start to grow to development, but decades A real modern architectural ceramics, from shiwan town separately introduced the first Italian production line beginning, almost twenty years The domestic construction ceramics industry development have sprouted up and experience from scratch, from childhood rapid development, in all fields are made much In this paper, only from the construction and the design of the ceramic products development trend about the individual A, domestic building ceramic products of the overall situation(a) built TaoHangYe basic situationThe floor tile of domestic production started with modern built in 1939, wenzhou, zhejiang xishan face size brick field, it contributed to the tangshan, jingdezhen, foshan, shenyang, floor tile of the development of the Until 1978 the tiles in our country is still backward production, the small scale of the enterprise, low yield, quality is Products to 152 x152mm white porcelain piece is given priority to, and 108 x108mm brick, at that time is an important kind of Mosaic products, building ceramic product is far from forming Since 1978, since the reform and opening up more than 20 years, domestic TaoHangYe built rapidly developing, in the enterprise scale, employees, product production, is the most of the Not only domestic ceramic enterprise vigorous development, and foreign enterprise in China and also have the good development This period is the JianTaoYe blossom everywhere and the Long exist "three mountain tripartite confrontation" situation is broken, in China to create a "three mountain a sea clip two rivers and" industry layout structure, "three mountain" refers to foshan city in guangdong province, shandong, hebei tangshan- "A sea" refers to Shanghai, including the jiangsu and zhejiang provinces area; "Two rivers and" refers to a GaJiang in sichuan province, including each region, forefinger fujian jinjiang, referring to fujian This is the most important building ceramic production For example: in our country's largest division of floor tile of foshan, there were more than 300 companies, more than 1000 of the modernization of floor tile of the production line, the annual output more than the whole of the output of I In zibo in shandong linyi area and more than 100 ceramic enterprises, the annual output is 250 million square metre, the new building ceramic base sichuan provinceProvince has building ceramic enterprise many 250, year productivity in 400 million square metre, only GaJiangXian ceramic enterprise to have many 120, more than 310 of the production line, the production capacity of 300 million square Due to the implementation of the western development, the westernBecome a region TaoHangYe structure adjustment and build new round development highlights and hot (2) building ceramic products basic condition1, product yield Large output, design and color is more varieties, according to not complete count, in 1997 China's glazeAn annual production capacity of 726 million square meters brick, and an annual production capacity of 115 billion square meters of floor tile of, as early as in 1993 alone ceramic productionTo the world the first, and the yield of the world of two At the same time, increase product variety, quality enhances Ten years ago, our country building ceramic products only interior wall glazeTiles, ceramic jin brick, red floor tile a few other varieties, design and color is drab, specifications and With the progress of science and technology and industryTo raise the level of management, make our country building ceramic products quality and grade with a qualitative The enterprise actively develop new productionProduct, design and color is various, already have and can produce different varieties, different specifications, different function, different decorationThe effect of ceramic If press material cent: fine ceramic glaze, Shi quality CaiYouZhuan, porcelain tiles and jin pressUsing the function points are: wall brick, wall brick, floor tile, square brick, cascade Development copy granite brick, ooze to spendPolishing brick, big type polishing brick, antibacterial ceramics new Product size is complete, the biggest can reach1000 x1000 mm, 800 x1600 mm, also can produce colorful lumbar line brick and all kinds of different ceramic tile, oneGroup of well-known enterprises and famous brand is on the 2, the product specification is DaH Now most companies will want to production of floor tile of large size, small size mixed ceramic tileFall, many enterprises to develop x500 500 x600, 600 the floor tile, a few enterprise can produce 800 x800, 600 x900 of the floor tile, a few enterprise can develop x1000 and above 1000 large specification ceramic tile, ceramic tile floor brick is not only more does moreBig, even wall ceramics also have big In the traditional 200 x300 based on products, many enterprises developmentOut of the 330 x480, 250 x380, 333 x666 large size ceramics, 3, ceramic tile of adornment To meet the ceramic tile with the requirements of the richness adornment personality, decoration technology and techniquesHad the very big enhancement, toward the high grade, the high grade As in printing technology application of ceramic tile the color ink-jet technology, roller printing and other new technology, make ceramic tile decorative style diverse and adornment gimmick is rich and colorful, such as exterior wallsBrick from the previous inflexible color on the wall for three color mix stick, hutch defends ceramics using lumbar line brick and flowers adornment and upThe integration of the use of brick At the same time, "three brick" concept blurs, such as floor brick can make exterior decorationAnd the external wall brick can make indoor decoration, this mixed use way more reflect the diversity of the adornment style ceramic tile and innovativeS4, product quality Domestic built TaoHangYe emerge a batch of good quality, high class enterprise,In all production porcelain area have representative, become the leading brands in the But generally speaking quality is very low andAnd between regions, between enterprise and the quality level is uneven, domestic enterprises and foreign enterprises to form contrast is especially To taiwan-owned enterprise as an Distribution in Shanghai, jiangsu and foreign capital enterprise, although a small number, production is not big,But quality, good quality, brand The product orientation degree is very high, high added value, such as Asia, ceramics,Mick polishing brick, the Nobel, champions ceramic tile, its price is the envy of domestic Second, building ceramic products present a few big characteristicsDomestic ceramic product riches, Batch of good quality, high grade, high added value of products