中国对外贸易文献及观点总结英语

第一章 对外贸易与经济增长第一节 对外贸易与国际贸易概述第二节 对外贸易对国民经济增长的贡献第三节 对外贸易与经济增长相互关系的实证分析第四节 新中国成立以来对外贸易的发展与经济增长本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第二章 对外贸易理论依据（上）第一节 有中国特色的对外贸易理论发展第二节 我国对外贸易与比较利益学说第三节 我国对外贸易与国际价值论本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第三章 对外贸易理论依据（中）第一节 对外贸易与要素禀赋理论第二节 “里昂惕夫之谜”及其解释第三节 对外贸易与新贸易理论第四节 要素禀赋理论与我国对外贸易本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第四章 对外贸易理论依据（下）第一节 对外贸易与贸易保护理论第二节 对外贸易与经济一体化理论第三节 对外贸易与战略贸易政策理论第四节 管理贸易政策理论与我国对外贸易本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第五章 加入WTO与对外贸易体制改革第一节 对外贸易的组织、制度与比较优势第二节 我国对外贸易体制基础与改造第三节 参加世界贸易组织（WTO）与我国外贸体制改革第四节 “入世”对“两岸四地”经贸合作的影响第五节 加入WTO/GATT与应对冲击的国际经验借鉴本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第六章 对外贸易产业经营第一节 对外贸易经营方式及其比较第二节 对外贸易代理制第三节 对外贸易经营活动第四节 对外贸易价格第五节 对外贸易经济效益本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第七章 对外贸易资本经营第一节 外贸企业的股份制改造第二节 外贸企业与资本市场第三节 外贸企业的一般融资业务第四节 外贸企业资本经营中的风险防范本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第八章 对外贸易与利用外资第一节 外商投资的外贸效益评价对象、依据与内容第二节 外商投资的外贸效益评价方法与指标第三节 提高外商投资外贸效益的途径本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第九章 对外服务贸易第一节 服务贸易的发展现状第二节 国际服务贸易的主要规则第三节 我国的服务贸易开放第四节 我国服务贸易的发展策略本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第十章 对外贸易与知识产权保护第一节 知识产权贸易的发展状况第二节 国际知识产权保护与贸易竞争力第三节 国际知识产权贸易壁垒及其影响第四节 知识产权保护与我国对外贸易本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第十一章 对外贸易摩擦第一节 对外贸易摩擦的分类第二节 对外贸易摩擦的成因第三节 对外贸易摩擦的效应第四节 对外贸易摩擦的应对策略本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第十二章 对外贸易与环境保护第一节 绿色（生态）贸易与环境标准第二节 环境保护与贸易竞争力第三节 对外贸易中的“绿色壁垒”第四节 我国对外贸易中的环境保护本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第十三章 对外贸易宏观调控第一节 我国对外贸易的宏观调控体系第二节 对外贸易法规第三节 关税制度与财政调控第四节 外汇管理与人民币汇率机制第五节 外贸行业促进组织本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献第十四章 对外贸易发展战略第一节 战略目标、依据、体制和政策第二节 对外贸易战略基本原则第三节 对外贸易总体战略第四节 对外贸易基础战略本章小结主要概念与术语思考讨论题参考文献专业术语中英文对照教学课件索取单

Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade Frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions, countervailing duties and other protectionist The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, industry standards and industry With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first To counter the Great Depression, the US adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import duties of over 20,000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in Among the victims, not the least was the US itself, where exports shrank from $2 billion in 1929 to $2 billion in Even in the US, the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great DGlobal trade is now in dire Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge Germany's exports dropped 6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 5% decline last month, when compared to the prior Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly Healthy international trade can help revive the world During the Great Depression, the US recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 5% increase over the prior These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, products and China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of 贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说，全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期，随着全球经济形势恶化，一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑，呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时，一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税，引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时，主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后，全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前，金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域，各国工厂倒闭剧增，失业率上升，政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预，阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施，它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒，到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等，以及产业保护主义，当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样，隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下，即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用，这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上，各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义，承诺在未来一年内，避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会，再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措，不仅会损害对方，最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们，大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机，颁发了《斯姆特－霍利关税法》，大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税，结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机，各国以邻为壑，全球贸易总额大幅缩减，从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元，美国自身也深受其害，出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻：经济危机导致外需衰退，各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑，甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑6%，为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长，其中09年1月出口下降了5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥，使严峻的形势雪上加霜，造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索，这样的后果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？危机当头，重要的是各国携手共克时艰，而非互相指责，以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果，解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作，保持国际贸易渠道畅通，才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展，是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政，与贸易保护主义决裂，带领美国经济走出低谷，推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来，经济增速放缓，出口大幅下滑，就业压力加大。即便如此，中国仍坚定认为，贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下，2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品，增长5％，促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来，中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国，中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年，中国将继续扩大进口，积极组织企业采购团，赴海外大规模采购，进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道，以开放迎接挑战，以合作应对危机，共克时艰，推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。