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英语学术文献

谷歌浏览器翻译和有道翻译,有道翻译可以直接提供文档翻译,译文也还不错。谷歌浏览器翻译 优点可以pdf直接翻译,准确率高。

如下:1、彩云小译彩云小译翻译的结果有一个很大的特点:翻译结果直接嵌在英文下方!阅读非常方便!它还有对应的浏览器插件,安装后可翻译网页,也是内嵌的显示方式。2、搜狗翻译这是搜狗出品的翻译工具。翻译结果可实现左右两边同步中英对照。惊喜的是,可直接下载Word格式的翻译结果,而且免费!介绍从翻译的运作的程序上看实际包括了理解、转换、表达三个环节,理解是分析原码,准确地掌握原码所表达的信息。转换是运用多种方法,如口译或笔译的形式,各类符号系统的选择、组合,引申、浓缩等翻译技巧的运用等,将原码所表达的信息转换成译码中的等值信息;表达是用一种新的语言系统进行准确的表达。

掌桥科研,维普期刊等等。用的比较多的是掌桥科研。

翻译软件哪家强?学姐有窍门英文文献整段翻译,准确率高排版不变

农业学术文献英语

农业产业化国家重点龙头企业 "National key Leading Enterprise in Agriculture Industrialization"

Adjustment of agricultural structure, characteristics of the western region to speed up the development of agriculture  【Abstract】 implementing the western development strategy and strategic adjustment of agricultural structure for the development of agriculture with characteristics Samangan province have provided favorable opportunities and broader space, this article from the analysis of Gansu Province, the implementation of the importance of agriculture with characteristics and the main features of the market potential of agricultural products start to understand the characteristics of Gansu Province characteristics of agricultural production and put forward the implementation of special agriculture in Gansu Province of the countermeasures and   【Key words】 western characteristic agriculture  Gansu province is located in China's western region is a vast region, is included in the national development of the western region the concept of one of 12 provinces and municipalities and autonomous regions, serious soil erosion, land desertification, water shortages, destruction of vegetation, forest grassland degradation Gansu province is a major eco-environmental problems, industrial pollution in the city after-effects of economic Gansu Province, the fragile ecological environment will not only hinder further development of regional economy, but also the future of the living environment has become a major All this has its crux of the problem: the history of long-term low levels of productivity and ecological fragility of both cause and effect; "too much emphasis on food self-sufficiency" model of development led to forest destruction and soil erosion; economic construction does not follow the law of the ecological environment, ecological construction technology support the weak; institutional fragmentation, so that ecological protection and construction of the measures can hardly be Characteristics of agriculture refers to the unique resources, clear regional characteristics, a special product quality and specific consumer market of agricultural Gansu Province, a vast territory, light, heat, water, soil is rich in resources, species diversity, with the development of agriculture with characteristics and potential After years of development, characteristics of Gansu Province has been a foundation of Implementing the western development strategy and strategic adjustment of agricultural structure for the development of characteristic agriculture in Gansu Province provided favorable opportunities and broader At present, we should seize the opportunity, clear thinking, focus, work out measures to speed up the characteristics of agricultural development in Gansu Province  1, the development of Gansu Province, the importance of agriculture with characteristics  1 The development of characteristic agriculture is implementing the western development strategy will focus on the   Agriculture is the basis for developing the western region and an important Characteristics of agriculture is the focus of agricultural development in the western Characteristics through the development of agriculture, strengthening infrastructure construction, improve production conditions, enhance productive capacity, can further strengthen agriculture as the foundation of Gansu Province to speed up agricultural and rural economic development pace for the development of Gansu's economy and narrow the gap between east and west to create the   2 is the development of characteristic agriculture in Gansu Province strategic adjustment of agricultural structure of the main direction of   The use of Gansu Province, rich in agricultural resources, in line with local conditions and characteristics of agricultural and industrial development, nurturing characteristics with the western industrial belt of agricultural and industrial groups, agricultural resources can achieve a multi-level, multi-channel development and utilization to meet the diversification and high quality market demand is conducive to opening up new market space, Gansu Province, to promote the agricultural structure optimization and    Gansu, the main features of the development potential of agricultural products and market demand analysis  From the distribution of agricultural products and market demand, both in terms of Gansu Province, with resources and potential for development of agricultural resources are mainly concentrated in the food, medicinal herbs, fruit and livestock products   1, food  In 2002 the province's grain sown area of 3943 mu, 83 million tons grain Between regions in food production that there are clear regional differences, good natural conditions in the plain areas and to take intensive intensive methods of production inputs are also relatively large, thus the per capita grain output was significantly higher than other Per capita food expenditure from the situation, the year the total income per capita grain 92 kilograms, 24 kilograms of total Main per capita consumption of 45 kilograms of grain (including 89 kilograms of wheat, representing the main food consumed 37%), 75 kilograms of grain feed, 72 kilograms of seed Help Gansu food consumption is still in a state of equilibrium tightness, food as the mainstay of rural food consumption status has not been any big   With the gradual deepening of reform and opening-up and join the WTO, the current international market prices tend to decline, while China's grain production costs are generally upward The short term a significant increase in land productivity may be low, China's comparative advantage in grain production continued to In addition China's wheat import market of the United States and European Union countries in the Uruguay Round negotiations, reached an agreement to reduce subsidies, which means that China can no longer own the market of imports from these relatively low over the past price of wheat to China to take measures to raise the level of food self-sufficiency and reduce food As the grain in Gansu Province larger share of agricultural products, the impact of lower prices to become the province's agricultural prices decline in the overall level of the main   2, economic crops  In the economic crops, the potential for greater processing Chinese herbal medicines, medicinal herbs market in the country occupies a pivotal role, medicines rough year more than 11,000 tons, 3270 tons of proprietary Chinese Five Angelica is in Gansu Province is the largest varieties of medicinal herbs, over the years has been in a tight pin, and annual production of more than 4 thousand tons, the volume of 27,300 tons of goods, export volume of 1509 At present, the formation of their own as the mainstay of rural Danggui market Minxian Xiguan, Meichuan, Dangchang hada Shop, of the rationale for Sichuan, Zhangxian Chengguan, Ishikawa, Weiyuan Kawasaki, will be over These markets with other medicines markets outside the network for the promotion of medicines in circulation has played an important Changium Gansu Province is the second largest varieties of medicinal herbs, annual output of more than 14,000 tons, the volume of more than 13,000 tons of goods, with its output accounting for about 70 percent of national output, of which the principal export Radix Hedysari is unique to Chinese herbal medicines in Gansu, the main export to T Rhubarb and liquorice market demand, lack of sales production, prices, market   Traditional Chinese Medicine in Gansu Province is the main pharmaceutical products in 2002, the sown area of Gansu Province, 199 million mu of Chinese herbal medicines, the total output 305,800 tons, the annual industrial output value of Chinese medicine to 4 billion yuan, accounting for all the Chinese medicine industry to 40 Medicine more prominent structural contradictions in the economy, small and scattered industrial enterprises, commercial enterprises in Gansu medicine abuse is a significant Most of medicine resources on the supply of raw materials or primary products market, value-added processing and great Gansu medicine market capacity of 20 billion yuan, but in Gansu local market consumption of only 6 million yuan, the market   References:  1, "on the characteristics of the western region to speed up the views of agricultural development," the Ministry of Agriculture 12  2, Zhu Xing BAI "developing the western region - agriculture, rural areas and farmers," Economics and Management Press 7  3, reference is LiuXinmao weeks "loess ground green hope" Lanzhou University Press 1  中文大意如下  调整农业产业结构,加快西部地区特色农业的发展  【论文摘要】实施西部大开发战略和农业结构战略性调整,为发展甘省特色农业提供了有利的机遇和广阔的空间,本文从分析甘肃省实施特色农业的重要性和主要特色农产品的市场潜力入手,了解甘肃省特色农业的生产特点,提出了甘肃省实施特色农业的对策与建议。  【关键词】西部 特色农业  甘肃省位于中国的西部,是一片广阔的地域,是被国家划入西部大开发概念的12个省市自治区之一,严重的水土流失、土地荒漠化加剧、水资源短缺、植被破坏、森林草原退化是甘肃省面临的主要生态环境问题,工业污染成为城市发展经济的后遗症。甘肃省脆弱的生态环境不仅阻碍区域经济的进一步发展,而且已经成为未来生存环境的重大隐患。这一切问题都有其症结所在:历史上长期的生产力水平低下与生态脆弱互为因果;“过分强调粮食自给”的发展模式导致森林破坏和水土流失;经济建设不遵循生态环境规律,生态建设科技支撑能力薄弱;制度上条块分割,使生态环境保护和建设各项措施难以落实。特色农业是指具有独特的资源条件、明显的区域特征、特殊的产品品质和特定的消费市场的农业产业。甘肃省地域辽阔,光、热、水、土资源丰富,物种资源多样,具有发展特色农业的优势和潜力。经过多年的发展,甘肃省特色农业已有一定的基础。实施西部大开发战略和农业结构战略性调整,为发展甘肃省特色农业提供了有利的机遇和广阔的空间。当前,要抓住机遇,明确思路,突出重点,制定措施,加快甘肃省特色农业发展  1、发展甘肃省特色农业的重要性  1发展特色农业是实施西部大开发战略的重点任务。  农业是西部大开发的基础和重要组成部分。特色农业是西部农业开发的重点。通过发展特色农业,加强基础设施建设,改善生产条件,提高生产能力,可以进一步加强农业基础地位,加快甘肃省农业和农村经济发展步伐,为发展甘肃经济和缩小东西部差距创造条件。  2发展特色农业是甘肃省农业结构战略性调整的主攻方向。  利用甘肃省丰富的农业资源,因地制宜地发展特色农产品和产业,培育具有西部特色的农业产业带和产业群,可以实现农业资源多层次、多途径的开发利用,满足多样化、优质化的市场需求,有利于开辟新的市场空间,促进甘肃省农业结构的优化和升级。   甘肃主要特色农产品的开发潜力及市场需求分析  从农产品分布特点和市场需求两方面来看,甘肃省具有资源优势和开发潜力的农产品资源主要集中在粮食、药材、果品和畜产品上。  1、粮食作物  2002年全省粮食播种面积3943万亩,粮食总产量783万吨。区域之间在粮食生产上存在着明显的地区差异,平原地区自然条件好,并采取集约化的精耕细作方式,生产性投入也比较大,因而人均粮食产量明显高于其它地区。从人均粮食收支情况看,年内人均粮食收入合计92公斤,支出合计24公斤。人均主食用粮45公斤(其中小麦89公斤,占主食用粮的37%),饲料用粮75公斤,种籽用粮72公斤。说明甘肃粮食消费仍处于紧度平衡状态,粮食作为农村食品消费的主体地位没有什么大的变化。  随着改革开放的逐步深入及加入WTO,目前国际市场上粮价趋于下降,而我国粮食生产成本总体上则呈上升趋势。短期内土地生产率大幅度提高的可能不大,我国粮食生产的比较优势仍在下降。此外中国小麦进口市场的美国和欧盟各国在乌拉圭回合谈判中达成消减补贴的协议,这意味着中国己不可能再从这些市场上进口过去价格相对较低的小麦,促使中国采取措施提高粮食自给水平,减少粮食进口。由于粮食在甘肃省农产品中所占比重较大,其价格下降成为影响全省农产品价格总水平下降的主要因素。  2、经济作物  在经济作物中,中药材加工潜力较大,在全国药材市场中占有举足轻重的作用,药材年粗加工1.1万多吨,中成药3270吨。五种大宗地道中药材。当归是甘肃省药材的第一大品种,多年来一直处于紧销状态,年产量达84万多吨,商品量73万吨,出口量1509吨。目前己形成以当归为主体的农村市场有岷县西关、梅川,宕昌哈达铺、理川,漳县城关、石川,渭源会川等十多个。这些市场同省外其它药材市场形成了网络,对于促进药材流通起到了重要的作用。党参是甘肃省药材第二大品种,年产4万多吨,商品量3万多吨,其产量约占全国总产量的70%,其中纹当主要提供出口。红芪是甘肃特有的中药材,主要出口台湾。大黄和甘草市场需求量大,产不足销,价格上升,市场前景看好。  中药是甘肃省医药产品的主力,2002年甘肃省中药材播种面积199万亩,总产量58万吨,年中药工业产值达到4亿元,占到全部医药工业的40%。医药经济结构性矛盾比较突出,工业企业小而散、商业企业多而滥是甘肃医药的一个显著特征。大部分药材资源是以原材料或初级产品供应市场,加工增值潜力大。甘肃药材市场容量在20亿元以上,但甘肃本地产品市场的消费量只有6亿多元,市场需求量大。  参考文献:  1、《关于加快西部地区特色农业发展的意见》 农业部 12  2、朱文兴 白明 《西部大开发――农业、农村、农民》 经济管理出版社 7  3、刘兴茂 周述实 《黄土地上的绿色希望》 兰州大学出版社 1

生物技术英语文献

专业书籍翻译成中文的就有不少,像《分子克隆》(Molecular Cloning)就有几百页。 一些一般的信息可试试联合国的一些机构,如粮农组织(),对照其英文版和中文版。 另外,国内有一些专业期刊同时具有中文版和英文版,尽管其文章不完全对应,有的甚至相对独立,不称之为中、英文版,但很多文章是同时刊登于中英文版上的,如《中国科学》、《科学通报》、《自然科学进展》、《中国农业科学》、《中国水稻科学》等等,可上这些期刊的网站查询,有的需要用户名和密码,有的不需要。

参考译文:化学药物及仪器。草甘膦(图一)的分析标准是参考自Monsanto C(S Louis, MO)。在316μ Ci mg-1(54 mCi mmol-1)下有特殊活性的,被碳十四放射性同位素标记的草甘膦是从Amersham Life Science (Buckinghamshire, UK)购得的。弗氏不完全佐剂,内含物为2,2'-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)的药片,N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺(N,N’-DCC)和脲过氧化氢是从Sigma Chemical C(S Louis, MO) 得到的。羊抗兔抗体(GARHRP)和 1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺盐酸盐(EDAC)是从Pierce Imminochemicals (Rockford, IL)购得。Immulon 4 平底微滴定板是从Fisher Scientific (Don Mills, ON, Canada) 购得。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)平板是用来自于Bio-Rad实验室(Richmond,CA)的模型3550-UV微盘读取器来分析的。此高性能液体色谱(HPLC)系统是由瓦里安9010二元溶剂(Varian 9010 dual solvent)输送泵和瓦里安9095(Varian 9095)自主采样器所组成。皮克林 PCX 5000柱后反应器系统与瓦里安 9070(Varian 9070) 萤光检测器结合使用。分析柱和保护柱,分别是4-mm x 150 mm, 8 μm K+/H+和3 mm x 20 mm, 8 μm K+/H+,是阳离子交换柱。其他所有的药物都是属於试剂级药物并且都是通过贸易渠道获得的。PS:由於所翻译内容中出现了若干家外国公司名,如果要具体查询,翻译成中文反而会增加搜索难度,本人在此就不作翻译。如另有需要,可随后提出,本人可对译文进行适当改动。

这一般是在生物类文献的基因中出现,两个基因中间加上两个冒号,原意解释如下,请参考achmutationstrainisshowed:deltaicameansageneiceallelehasbeendeletedinstrainrn4220;agrdeltameansthetwoallelesofagrgenehavebeendeleted,thereforeagrisnullinstrainpc6911,andsarageneindicatesthisgeneisusedwithtetmarkerinconstructionofstrainuams-aureusisolates,orotherspecies,instrainuams-240,

学术英语参考文献格式

[2]ABroader,AMFrieze,EShamir,and EUpfal(作者姓名),Near-perfect Token Distribution(论文名称), in Random Structures & Algorithms5(1994)(论文发表在的出版物名称(期刊号)或会议名称)又如,[8]FEBustamante and YQiao,Designing Less-structured P2P Systems for the Expected High Churn, in IEEE P2P,

APA格式、MLA格式、CMS格式、哈佛文献格式 (Harvard System)。 不管是引用还是标注,不管是期刊还是学术,都能从这4大格式中,找到对应的格式要求。一如何学习英语音标   (1)找学习资料。首先确认自己想要学习的哪种类型的音标。然后找有出版纸质教程的书籍,因为这样的教程会比较严谨,并且有自己的一套系统的教程。比较推荐的就是《新概念英语国际音标一点通》、《美语从头学,赖世雄:美语音标》,这两套教程。   (2)学习音标时,最好要有一名有经验的指导老师来指导,如果条件不允许找一段标准的发音视频,跟着视频中人的嘴型进行练习也好。在练习时也要有一面镜子,在练习音标开始阶段需要通过镜子来使自己发音的嘴型来达到标准。二学习英语的原因   (1)学英语最大好处就是:掌握一门国际语言,走天下,其次对未来的发展有帮助,具体化就是工作福利、以及个人的一些工作发展都有着很大的帮助,小孩的话则是升初学、考取学校有很大的加分。   (2)我们很可能住在两个不同的地方,生长在不同的文化背景之下。但我们都知道,这个世界需要更多的爱和理解。还有什么比起用英语(或其他语言)和外国友人交流更能使这个世界更加美好的呢?

英语学术论文范文参考文献

毕业论文参考文献规范格式  一、参考文献的类型  参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:  M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章  J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告  对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。  对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点:  ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是: 姓,名字的首字母 如: Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, MR,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F & IG;  ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。  二、参考文献的格式及举例  期刊类  【格式】[序号]作者篇名[J]刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码  【举例】  [1] 王海粟浅议会计信息披露模式[J]财政研究,2004,21(1):56-  [2] 夏鲁惠高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J]高等理科教育,2004(1):46-  [3] Heider, ER& DCO The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J] Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 –   专著类  【格式】[序号]作者书名[M]出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码  【举例】[4] 葛家澍,林志军现代西方财务会计理论[M]厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:  [5] Gill, R Mastering English Literature [M] London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-  报纸类  【格式】[序号]作者篇名[N]报纸名,出版日期(版次)  【举例】  [6] 李大伦经济全球化的重要性[N] 光明日报,1998-12-27(3)  [7] French, W Between Silences: A Voice from China[N] Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33)  论文集  【格式】[序号]作者篇名[C]出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码  【举例】  [8] 伍蠡甫西方文论选[C] 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-  [9] Spivak,G “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A] In CNelson & L Grossberg() Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C] Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, 271-  [10] Almarza, GG Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A] In DFreeman and JCRichards () Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C] New York: Cambridge University P 50-  学位论文  【格式】[序号]作者篇名[D]出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码  【举例】  [11] 张筑生微分半动力系统的不变集[D]北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-  研究报告  【格式】[序号]作者篇名[R]出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码  【举例】  [12] 冯西桥核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R]北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-  条例  【格式】[序号]颁布单位条例名称发布日期  【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会科学技术期刊管理办法[Z]1991—06—05  译著  【格式】[序号]原著作者 书名[M]译者,译出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码  三、注释  注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。  四、参考文献  参考文献与文中注(王小龙,2005)对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来,而不是1-6等等 ,并列写出来。

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[3] Tomas U G Social Capital and Career Success of Civil Engineers towards Designing Career Paths[J] [4] Doug SWorking as aMechanic Was Good Preparation For a Career as a Civil Engineer[J] 84(2):14- 以上两篇参考文献的类型属于期刊论文,第[3]篇缺少出处信息:刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码。第[4]篇缺少刊名和出版年的信息。请使用数据库检索到这两篇文献,补齐缺少的信息。期刊的参考文献格式(GB 7714-2015 信息和文献 参考文献著录规则)是: [序号]作者论文题名[J]刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码 注意,欧美作者的要求是:姓在前,署全称,字母全大写,名在后,可缩写,多作者之间用“,”隔开,最多署3个作者,三个以上的作者省略,用“et ”。

参考文献标号m——专著(含古籍中的史、志论著)c——论文集n——报纸文章j——期刊文章d——学位论文r——研究报告s——标准p——专利a——专著、论文集中的析出文献z——其他未说明的文献类型电子文献类型以双字母作为标识:db——数据库cp——计算机程序eb——电子公告非纸张型载体电子文献,在参考文献标识中同时标明其载体类型:db/ol——联机网上的数据库db/mt——磁带数据库m/cd——光盘图书cp/dk——磁盘软件j/ol——网上期刊eb/ol——网上电子公告一、参考文献著录格式1、期刊作者.题名〔j〕.刊名,出版年,卷(期)∶起止页码2、专著作者.书名〔m〕.版本(第一版不著录).出版地∶出版者,出版年∶起止页码3、论文集作者.题名〔c〕.编者.论文集名,出版地∶出版者,出版年∶起止页码4、学位论文作者.题名〔d〕.保存地点.保存单位.年份5、专利文献题名〔p〕.国别.专利文献种类.专利号.出版日期6、标准编号.标准名称〔s〕7、报纸作者.题名〔n〕.报纸名.出版日期(版次)8、报告作者.题名〔r〕.保存地点.年份9、电子文献作者.题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕.文献出处,日期二、文献类型及其标识1、根据gb3469规定,各类常用文献标识如下:①期刊〔j〕②专著〔m〕③论文集〔c〕④学位论文〔d〕⑤专利〔p〕⑥标准〔s〕⑦报纸〔n〕⑧技术报告〔r〕

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