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中国翻译投稿经验总结

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中国翻译投稿经验总结

大家都知道 翻译的3个境界是信,达,雅。还分笔译和口译,要求不一样的。笔译可以慢慢推敲,怎么翻更好,我看china daily上面很多句子都很到位。有很多复杂的句型,被动啊,动宾结构转形容词+名结构。很漂亮。但是口译不需要如此。多用短语结构。少用生僻的单词。多注意中国特色的词的翻译。多翻翻就会熟能生巧了。小生正好在考中级口译,也算有点心得体会吧。老师也讲过很多技巧,什么省略译法,怎么断层啊。我也不是都明白。看feeling

具体如下:1、被拒稿,我们分两点来说:一是文章的质量差。有的期刊退稿的话可能会给文章提出一些修改意见,有的期刊是没有的。被退稿后,建议跟编辑部打电话联系一下,询问被退稿的原因。只有找到原因,我们才能够有的放矢。二是文章的方向不符合刊物的要求。这个就跟文章的质量没有多大关系了,可能文章质量很高,但是不符合期刊的选题就凉凉了。这种情况下我们换刊重投就OK了。2、修改论文内容主要指对论文引用的材料增加、删节或调整; 材料是文章中的"血肉",它是证明观点的论据,是论点成立的依托。那么对选用材料的基本要求是:一是必要,即选用说明观点的材料;二是真实,即所用的材料必须符合实际,准确可靠;三是合适,即材料引用要恰当,不多不少,恰到好处。在修改论文中,要看引用的材料是否确凿有力;是否有出处;是否能相互配合说明论点;是否发挥了论证的力量;是否合乎逻辑;是否具有说服力。要把不足的材料补足,要把空泛的陈旧的平淡的材料加以调换;要把不实的材料和与主题无关的材料坚决删除。3、修改论文结构结构是论文表现形式的重要因素,是论文内容的组织安排。结构的好坏,直接关系着论文内容的表达效果。结构的调整和校正,关系着全文的布局和安排。调整结构,要求理顺思想,检查论文中心是否突出,层次是否清楚,段落划分是否合适,开头、结尾、过渡照应如何,全文是否构成一个完整的严密的整体。调整的原则和要求,是要有利于突出中心论点,服务于表现中心论点。4、修改语言和标点语言是表达思想的工具,要使论文写得准确、简洁、生动,就不能不在语言运用上反复推敲修改。

我觉得在留学中介做翻译的那些东西都有自己的一定模式和技巧。比如说推荐信,无论是校方推荐信还是公司推荐信等,都有自己大概的模式。翻译这些东西的时候,开始可能会觉得生疏和有点困难,但是翻译久了,你头脑中自然有一种模式,翻译的时候就只要把这些模式用上去,相应的修改对应部分的信息。至于口译方面的东西,我个人觉得是应该多听,多说。各个国家的发音其实都存在差别,和不同地区的人交谈时,你会发现都有各个国家的口音。要注意的东西自然就是在翻译的时候要仔细耐心了。比如留学中的姓名,性别以及护照信息等都要很仔细,因为我觉得如果这些出错了的话,学生很有可能会因为信息不一致会遭到拒签。

东方翻译杂志投稿经验总结

《东方翻译》是上海市文学艺术联合会主办、上海翻译家协会、上海外国语大学高级翻译学院承办的学术、文化类翻译刊物,是国内第一份以宣传翻译文化和国际文化交流为主的双语、彩印专业刊物。

民族翻译期刊投稿经验总结

《中国当代少数民族文学翻译作品选》

请注意。你的行为非常危险你未经他人允许翻译其文章。已经侵犯了他人的著作权!精确来讲是他人作品的翻译权。如果你将翻译的原文向国内刊物投稿,而且在报告上写你的名字的话,你就已经构成了剽窃,这是最严重的侵权行为!解决办法如果你翻译他人作品的目的并非为了剽窃(请原谅我说话直白),而是为了引用文章进行研究。你需要在翻译过后的作品上注明报告的原作者及文章来源,并声明翻译的目的是为了学习,研究等非商业目的。如果你翻译的目的不纯,那么请尽快停止这种行为,现在网络这么发达,在世界论文数据库里面很容易查找到类似的文章并进行对比,一旦你被关注东窗事发就名誉扫地了。如果你是为了其他原因翻译该作品,请联系刊登这篇报告的期刊,告知其你的行为,与对方商谈解决办法,一般而言学者都不会为了这点事情为难你。

Work Review工作回顾Work overview工作概述Experience and lessons learned经验与教训Goals and plans目标与计划

写好学术论文的方法从攻读硕士学位、博士学位到作为研究人员,几乎很少有人真正研究过如何写好一篇学术论文的问题。在读书期间,导师一般是交给学生专业知识和获得专业知识的方法,而不会叫给学生写好论文的方法,从事研究之后,大多数人又忙于写论文,给予发表论文,而不会去考虑撰写论文的方法。因此,国内学术界存在着一个非常普遍的现象,为拿学位、为职称、为获奖而撰写论文,基本上不会去考虑如何使自己的论文有学术创新。结果,都很难发表出来,而为了发表出来就走关系,找熟人。一旦达到自己的目的之后,学术就永远拜拜了,什么学术研究、学术创新,都不过是人生目的的手段而已,根本就不是目的。因此,有学术责任感的学者越来越少,甚至根本没有,而为学术之外的目的来捞取学术功名的确比比皆是。也难怪有中国学术大多数是垃圾之说了。所谓磨刀不误砍柴工。要撰写好一篇学术论文,必须要掌握好撰写学术论文的方法。本人从事研究二十余年,从事学术刊物的主编已有近十年的经历。从事学术研究使我有专业的眼光来看待学术问题,而作为主编则使我有机会抛弃学术研究的浮躁而冷静地从刊物的角度来思考学术创新的可能性。因而,我可以有机会把两种不同的眼光和视角交织在一起来谈谈如何撰写好一篇学术论文的问题。一、选题选题是否成功是研究成功的前提。有一种说法,哲学社会科学不像自然科学,没有成功与不成功之说,只要愿意去做,最后必然成功。此话谬矣。没有好的选题,即便是洋洋洒洒数万言乃至数十万、数百万言,结果都是无用的废话。这就不能视为成功的研究。成功的研究一定是建立在成功的选题之上的。那么,什么是成功的选题呢?简而言之就是选题要有问题意识。问题意识是是什么呢?一是指研究的目标取向。成功的选题应该是揭示研究的目标取向,也就是要使研究达到什么样的目标。研究的目标取向所反映的是研究是否有价值,是否值得研究。因此,从选题来看就可以知道该问题研究的状况和可能发展的趋势。如果选题没有揭示研究的目标取向,而只是陈述了一个事实,那么就意味着该研究不值得研究,或者说前人已经做了比较详尽的研究,在目前的状况下已经没有深入的可能了。这种选题就不应该去选。二是指研究的具体范围。成功的选题应该是范围具体,不是大而全的。也就是选题不能过大,过大的选题会使研究无法深入下去,只是如蜻蜓点水。另一方面是题目太小,研究就会过于沉迷于琐碎的细节,从而使研究失去了价值和品位。特别是有的细节并不具有代表性,也不能真正反映事物发展的趋势,但由于研究者的视野太小,没法从细节中发现事物发展的基本规律。特别是做历史史料研究的往往都有这样的毛病。三是要对一个学术问题产生质疑,或者说要有争鸣性。学术研究是无止境的,真理更是无止境的。很多学术观点在当时是对的,或者说是真理,但时间和条件都变化了,因而其真理性也会发生变化。因此,选题一定要敢于质疑,但质疑必须要有理有据,而不是随便怀疑。在有理有据的基础上的怀疑,这样的选题一定是有价值的。总之,选题是很讲究技巧的。选题实际上是积累后的第一次思想井喷,没有积累就无法进行选题。好的选题可以使研究事半功倍,好的选题是论文成功的前提。在选题之后,还有一个重要的问题就是题目的表达,即怎样把这个内容表达出来。这里也有几个讲究:一是题目不宜太长,太长表明作者缺乏概括能力和抽象能力,题目要求精炼、简洁,要力求达到多一个字太长、少一个字太短的水平。二是核心概念不宜多,最多两个,最好一个。这就必须贯彻“计划生育”政策。核心概念超过两个,论文到底研究什么就非常难把握了,而且概念太多通篇很可能就是在解释概念,实质性的内容就被冲淡了。三是表达要精准,题目如果引起歧义,或者模糊不清,那么论文在写作是很可能出现跑题现象。二、文献梳理和文献的使用文献是写好论文的材料,也是研究的基础。它反映的是研究者的专业基础和专业能力。没有文献,就相当于造房子没有砖块一样;同时,没有文献也像在空中造房子一样没有基础。文献是学术传承和学术伦理的载体。尊重文献就是尊重前人的研究,尊重文献,也体现了学术发展的脉络。因此,文献在撰写论文中至关重要。在撰写论文之前,一是要对文献进行必要的梳理,二是要善于使用文献。(一)关于文献梳理1、梳理文献的目的是什么?选题的问题意识来源于对文献的阅读和分析,问题意识不是凭空产生的,二是基于既有的研究而发现问题。梳理文献的目的在于:其一,梳理所选问题的历史发展脉络。任何问题都有一个发展脉络,不了解学术发展的脉络就不能对学术问题进行深入研究。也就是说,这个问题是从哪里来的,然而才能预判这个问题的未来发展方向可能是什么。不仅要梳理这一问题国内研究是的现状,而且还有梳理国际学术界对这一问题的研究现状,从而全面把握这一问题研究的基本状况。如果打开电脑就直奔主题,对某一具体问题洋洋洒洒地写下去,也不去查阅相关文献,结果可能是低水平重复的东西。这样的论文时没有任何价值的,即便发出来,也仅仅是作为工作量或评职称的成果而已,并不代表它对学术有什么贡献。在学术论文中,开头就直奔主题的论文,一般都不是好的论文。人贵在直,文贵在曲。论文的贵也在曲。而这种曲是通过对前人既有研究的追述和分析表现出来的。其二,梳理文献是充分肯定前人所做的学术贡献。任何人的研究都是在前人的研究基础上进行新的探索。这就是牛顿所说的,站在巨人的肩膀上。在研究中,这个巨人不是具体的一个人,而是所有对该学术问题作出了贡献的前人。学术的传承就是要尊重历史,不尊重前人的学术贡献,就难以开拓新的研究领域,也难以对学术研究进行深入研究。不尊重历史,我们同样会陷入盲目自大的学风,以为别人都没有达到自己的水平,从而最终也会陷入重复别人已经说过的故事,浪费学术资源。其三,梳理文献最根本的目的是发现前人研究中的问题,从而为自己的研究找到突破口。学术问题大多不是一代学人就能解决的,一代学人只能解决那一代学人的认知水平之下所能解决的问题,但即便如此,也存在着研究的疏忽和漏洞,也会因主观能力的不足而存在着研究的缺陷。因此,后辈学人就是要反复不断地阅读、比较和分析前人的既有研究成果,从中发现研究中存在的问题和漏洞。这样,自己的选题就有可能或者延续前人的研究使之深化,或者发现前人研究的漏洞和不足以进行弥补,或者在原有的问题领域发现新的研究处女地。这才真正体现了所做选题的研究价值。2、如何梳理文献?不少作者喜欢在引言中一口气把所有相关的文献都罗列出来,认为这就叫文献梳理。但是,把所有相关文献罗列出来肯定会占据了论文的篇幅,会导致宣兵夺主的论文结构。文献罗列太多,正文就要腾出篇幅来,结果正文想写下去但发现篇幅越拉越长而不敢深入下去了。这种文献梳理方法是最不可取的。正确的文献梳理方法是:其一,选择有代表性的文献,即在权威刊物上发表的论文和权威论著,这些论文论著代表了学术发展的基本状况。不能把那些不入流的刊物上的文章都罗列出来。其二,选择有代表性的作者的论文,也就是权威学者,或者是活跃在学术界的作者的论文、论著。这些论文论著同样也代表了学术发展的基本态势。其三,选择研究的视角来梳理文献。也会是结合你要研究的视角特别是具体的问题来梳理文献,这样范围就大大缩小,也有利于作者把握文献。其四,不一定千篇一律地要在引言中进行文献梳理,引言可以对问题的来龙去脉进行适当阐述,在正文撰写的过程中,可以对具体的观点进行文献追述。这种方法要求作者对学术史特别是前人的学术观点十分清楚,对论文的写作已经有娴熟的技术。这就不是一般的新手能够把握的了。(二)如何使用文献?在文献的使用上,相当多的作者以为文章有注就是使用了文献。但是,论文究竟使用了什么文献?还有就是所用文献是否与所引用观点具有一致性。在使用文献上有以下几种错误倾向:1、为文献而文献,也即是在文献上凑数。用一大堆文献来吓唬读者,显示作者是看阅读了大量文献的,但仔细看后,会发现文献与论文的观点关联度不高。实际上就是假文献。一般的审读者可能不会认真看文献,但作为编者,特别是主编第一眼就是要把我好文献关,决不能让作者在文献上鱼目混珠。2、文献与所引用的观点属于张冠李戴,引用的观点本来是张三的,但作者因有惰性不愿意去查对,只是在二手文献中看到了李四用了该观点,于是就以为这个观点就是李四的。这种情况非常严重。3、绝大多数是自引文献,完全回避其他学者的研究。这种情形体现作者的是自傲,以为这个问题没有人超过自己,因此不愿意引用他人的观点。甚至为了突出自己,把自己在非常不起眼的刊物、报纸上发表的小文章都自引出来。这种情形表明作者有沽名钓誉之心。因此,使用文献是不能有任何投机取巧的方法上的,必须老老实实。使用文献体现了一个学者治学是否严谨,研究是否下功夫。因此,使用文献时:1、切忌文献堆砌,使用文献的价值在于体现论文的研究深度和严谨性,而不是通过堆砌文献了炫耀自己的专业知识多么广博。如果是这样,结果可能是适得其反。2、切勿张冠李戴,一定要去查找文献的源头,如果是经典著作的文献,就更加需要去阅读和查对。比方说,马克思、恩格斯的著作是合在一起的,但有的作者没有去读他们的著作,而是从别人的引用中直接就引过来。同时由于没有弄清楚究竟是马克思的观点还是恩格斯的观点,可能会弄错了。这样就成为学术笑话了。切记要查阅文献,不可“人云亦云”。尤其是外国文献有的作者不愿意阅读,而别人引用之后,自己在没有阅读的情形下而引用了,甚至还想用外文形式来冒充。这在学术界是有公案的。张冠李戴还有一种情形就是引用观点时是一个学者,但注释文献时却是另一名学者。这表明,作者根本没有读过背阴观点的学者,而是从注释文献归属作者的论文中看到了这句话,同时又不愿意花时间去查对,所以也是一种张冠李戴的情形。3、切勿用网络文献、报纸文献。学术的浮躁与否,学术的严谨与否,从文献的使用上一看就清清楚楚。如果通篇文章的文献都是网络文献或者是报纸文献,这样的论文无论如何都是不深入的。有的作者会说,网络文献、报纸文献表明论文时最新的观点。但是,网络文献和报纸文献并非是学术观点,也并非是经过严格论争的学术观点。或者说,这样的观点没有学术底蕴。因而,这些文献不能支撑一篇学术论文。当然,网络文献、报纸文献是否就不能用了呢?那也未必。有的数据必须通过网络来发布,如一些统计机构的统计数据,调查数据等都是从网络上发布的。简而言之,权威机构的网站、权威学术机构的学术网站、国际知名的研究机构网站等,这些网络文献完全可以用。4、切勿想当然地使用文献,包括弄错出版时间、引用内容错误、页码错误、作者和译者错误等。这些会导致论文出现严重的硬伤。三、论证的逻辑研究是一个论证的过程,论证是一个严密的逻辑思维过程。这个过程应该是然而,当前众多的论文缺乏这种思维,大多数用发散性思维来写论文的,因而论文就缺乏深度。论争的逻辑体现在一下几个方面:1、层次感,而不是平面感好的论证逻辑一定是立体的、有层次感的,而不是平面性。世界是平的,这只是一种臆想,论文的论证逻辑是立体感的,这是一个刚性的现实要求,而不是臆想。好的论证逻辑就像博洋葱,一层一层拨到中心,最后才知道洋葱中心究竟是什么。而平面性的论证逻辑缺乏新奇感,就像摊大饼,一开始就知道大饼中是什么内容了,所以这样的论证不会给人遐想,也不会带来新奇。好的论文,同样要给读者带来出人意料的结果。2、缜密性,而不是一盘散沙论证真缜密性体现的是作者的思维能力,也体现作者对专业知识掌握的程度。专业基础扎实的,其逻辑思维能力肯定要强。相反,没有扎实的专业根基,那么其论证肯定是碎片化的。因为,他掌握的专业知识本身就是碎片化的。碎片化的专业知识,只能导致碎片化的论证逻辑。有不少学者,虽然在学术界也有一定的知名度了,但专业基础并不扎实,所以在撰写论文时,基本上就是用1、2、3、4……进行罗列,而缺乏缜密的逻辑推理和逻辑证明。这种状况可能还不是几个人,而是一代人的问题。因为,中国又一代学人是在文革中成长起来的,读书不多,且能有经过专业的训练,缺乏专业素养,但通过自己的努力也的确跻身于知名学者之列,但这种缺陷他本人根本就没有办法弥补。所以,这一代人基本上是在碎片化的知识结构中提出一些碎片化的观点,而不可能成为治学严谨、有深厚学术底蕴的学者、思想者。3、科学性,而不是宣传性学术研究无疑是一个求真的过程,这一过程需要通过大量的事实或史料经过逻辑论证之后才能得出结论。正是这样,学术才具有真理性和科学性。然而,当今的学术研究越来越缺乏这样的精神,做历史研究的不愿泡图书馆、档案馆,做现实研究的不愿做田野调查,用的是二手材料和二手数据,并且先预设一个价值立场,用这些材料和数据来证明这个预设的立场或观点。殊不知,同样的材料和数据可以证实完全相反的两种观点。这样,学术研究因没有按照学术规范而导致学术失去了科学性和真理性。反过来,预设一个观点,可以毫不费力地找到相应的材料和数据来证明这个观点,这同样也会导致难以找到学术的真理。这两种情况都会造成对学术的伤害,即任何人都可以从事学术研究,学术也就从根本上丧失了其尊严,也无所谓学术权威可言。正确的方法是在阅读了大量文献之后而形成新的观点,然后再回到材料通过更多的材料来证明你的观点的科学性。预设观点然后来找材料这是宣传的基本方法。当前学术的科学性越来越被宣传性所取代,原因在于:一是当今行政干预学术的现象非常严重,学术质量(评奖)、学术水平(各种学术称号)、学术考核等都是行政领导来评价的,在这种情况下,甚至行政级别与学术水平成正比。在行政干预之下,学术就越来越多地为行政服务,从而使学术成为政治的附属品,为政治宣传服务。二是一些学者为了尽快地提升自己的行政级别而不断做政治宣传的“学问”,学理性的研究被束之高阁,应景性的宣传文章则一挥而就,但往往是正确的空话、无用的废话。三是宣传性的“研究”比真正意义的学术研究容易出成果,而且也轻松。看积分报纸,浏览几个主流网站的文章,就马上形成了自己的一篇文章。而且,只要政治正确,这类文章不愁没有地方发表。学术界的浮躁也就可想而知。4、学理性,而不是口语化学术论文肯定是学术性很强的,它必须要超越日常生活的口语化表达。口语强调是能让读者听得懂,所以具有随意性。而学术论文并不是要大众听得懂,而是要有专业背景的人才能听得懂。如果都能听得懂,那就不是学术论文了,那就是日常的讲话了。有一种观点在嘲笑,学者的论文时在自娱自乐,别人都看不懂,这种论文对社会根本就没有用。我觉得这种观点实在是肤浅可笑。学术论文都听得懂、看得懂,那就不叫专业学术论文了,学术论文肯定只有专业人士才能看得懂;而且学术论文传承的不是一般的文化,而是一个民族的核心文化,这种文化是民族发展最大的精神动力和智力支持。它的影响是战略性的,而不是当前的普罗大众能不能看得懂和听得明。当然,学术的思想肯定要进行大众传播,这时候就需要用通俗的口语化方式来跟大众交流。5、严谨性,而不是随意性学术研究是一个求真的过程,因而需要研究者必须在论文写作中要有严谨的态度。当前学术的浮躁特别是科研管理部门要求快出成果,从而助长了学术上的各种不端行为。例如,一是随意使用数据。学术论文在使用数据时一定要是权威性的数据,也就是权威机构发布的数据。然而,由于当前数据发布的机构比较多,一些作者在选取数据时太随意,不去研究一下机构本身的权威性,结果所用的数据被学界所质疑。有的甚至因找不到数据的来源而随意改动数据,导致数据时去了真实性。包括所用材料和文献也是一样,近年来,外国著作引进翻译太多,翻译也太随意,甚至译著中曲解了原著的意思的都有,但作者在使用这些翻译著作时没有认真挑选,手中有什么就是用什么,结果把错误的文献内容引入自己的论文中,导致论文出现一些硬伤。此外,研究的严谨性还可以从使用文献中体现出来。有的丛书文献出版时间是不一样的,而引者可能会想当然地就整套丛书都是同一出版时间,这也是论文的严重硬伤。如《邓小平文选》(1-3卷)其出版的时间是不一样的。关于调查的可靠性在于,调查的手段是否可行,抽样的方法,以及统计的方法等。6、围绕核心问题展开论证,而不是学术散文天马行空学术论文肯定有一个核心观点,因而在论证过程中就必须是围绕这个核心观点展开,所有的材料的目标都是指向这个核心观点的,而不是从核心观点延伸出去。一旦延伸出去就有可能偏离主题。然而,现在不少作者完全是为了凑字数,为了这个目的,论文的关键词非常多,几乎是每一小节讲述一个关键词,整篇论文很有可能是一个拼盘,而不是在一个关键词或者一个核心观点统领之下的论文。结果,篇幅很长,但不知所云,完全是如脱缰的野马,怎么也拉不回来。这样的文章之可以说是学术散文,而不是学术论文。四、论文的修改与查证文章不厌百回改。这是研究的一种态度。如今大多数人不愿意修改,也不愿意查证文献和材料。这显然缺乏对学术研究的认真和严谨性。作者自己修改文章的要求:其一、对文章的总体结构在进行斟酌。主要是看是否在结构上存在着不合理的现象,如虎头蛇尾;或者是结构上的不相称性(把没有直接关系的两个问题放在一起来讨论)。其二,对文章的逻辑进行梳理,看是否存在逻辑上的不连贯性。其三,对文句进行斟酌,看表达是否存在问题其四,对文献进行查证,是否存在着文献的错误其五,对数据进行核对,看是否存在数据的错误其六,对注释进行核对,看是否存在差错如何对待编辑部的修改意见其一,在正常情况下,编辑部提修改意见就意味着此文有可能经过修改后达到发表的水平。而没有任何新意的情形下和没有人脉的情况下,编辑部不会对没有任何新意的文章提修改意见。其二,编辑部看问题一般视野要宽一些,看问题的视角要大一些,提出修改意见,作者尽可能满足编辑部的要求其三,如果编辑部的修改意见确实不妥,作者可以回信阐述自己的观点,编辑部认为说的有道理的话,一般也会尊重作者。其四,不要以为编辑部可以刁难,多次的来往只能回使论文跟家完善,而不是在修改多次后否定作者的文章。即便有的修改时多余的,编辑部也会反复推敲的。五、论文的结尾论文的结尾既是整篇论文的点睛之处,也是揭示学术在未来研究的发展趋势。因而,结尾一定要有气势,气势磅礴的结尾,往往能够凸显论文的整体品质。从当前的学术论文来看,结尾主要有以下几种问题:其一,论文根本就没有结尾,当论证完毕后,论文就嘎然而止。这是典型的虎头蛇尾。其二,没有对前面的研究进行总结,而是离开前面的研究谈体会,因而没有体现结束语的作用。其三,对前面的研究泛泛而谈,没有集中到观点上来,从而显得太平淡。其四,太简单,有结尾与没有结尾没有什么区别,这样的结尾就没有意义。那么,什么样的结尾才是好的结尾呢?我认为至少要体现一下几个方面:一是要能够从宏观上对论文进行观点性的总结。前面主要是论证,证实或者证伪,但尚未突出自己的观点,所以必须要有一个结尾来提炼作者的观点,使读者更清楚作者的观点。二是要有大气磅礴之势,有行云流水之气。前面的论证是一个小心求证的过程,不能展示作者的文笔,但在结尾部分,可以放开手脚,解放思想;可以充分展示作者的文采来归纳和抽象论文的要义。三是结尾除了归纳观点外,也可以对该问题研究的发展趋势进行科学的预测,以及对该问题的进一步思考。六、遵守学术规范,信守学术道德学术规范是学术的生命线。学者必须要按照学术规范从事学术研究,而不可随心所欲题“想法”。如果仅仅是提“想法”,没有被证明的“想法”,仅仅是一个假设而已。一个假设性的观点决不能代表一种学术水平。只有用理论方法进行了符合逻辑的证明之后,如果这个“想法”具有创新性同时又符合学术逻辑,那么这个“想法”才转变为学术观点,这个观点就代表了学者的学术水平。当前,社会的浮躁也同样渗透到学术领域,使学者不再沉寂与象牙塔,而是通过学术论文的大跃进而成就自己的虚名,从而获得各种各样的学术荣誉和学术奖项,最终捞取相应的学术地位。结果,有的就不折手段,通过各种学术不断行为和学术腐败进行学术制假造假。当前,学术不断、学术制假造假行为在论文上表现在以下几个方面:1、抄袭剽窃或抄袭观点,或抄袭材料,或抄袭段落,或抄袭文献,或将别人的文章略作改动整体性剽窃,或仅仅是把题目改动署上自己的名字。2、强行在他人成果上署名这主要有一下几种情形:一是导师与学生的关系,导师规定学生发表文章必须把导师的名字署上,甚至要求署名第一作者,但导师并没有审阅文章,一旦文章被人举报,导师就千方百计回避;或者公然宣称自己不知道,是学生自作主张署上的。二是上下级同事关系,尤其是领导与被领导的关系。或者是下级刻意为领导捉刀代笔;或者是上级借用行政权力强行要求3、篡改文献和数据、故意断章取义这主要是不愿意去核对数据和文献,而自己的论文可能又特别需要这样一组数据来证明自己的观点,结果只好对边缘有数据进行为我所用地篡改,或对文献的观点进行刻意地曲解,或断章取义地引用,以迎合自己研究的需要。4、注释有误或做“伪注”,如前面所说的张冠李戴5、低水平重复不愿意去阅读文献,因而不知道学术发展动态,导致自己的研究在重复着前人的研究,甚至重复着同辈学人的研究。6、转引二手文献并且未核对导文献导致以讹传讹7、只引证自己的论文,自我吹嘘8、阅读中文文献却引用外文表达文献,结果弄巧成拙9、源于外文书刊却译成中文,结果牛头不对马嘴10、转引外文注释却不注明原出处,让人难以查找原文献,难以辨认其真伪11、一稿多投,有的甚至是略作一点“乔装”后就投给不同的多家刊物

中国工程科学投稿经验总结英文翻译

Mechanical engineering, machinery and power generation with a relevant engineering Machinery and equipment industry is to provide the basis for the national economy, industry, the development of science and technology with a (This the most important and must be translated)Mechanical engineering is the science of natural science and technology based on the theory, combined with technical experience in the production practice, research and resolve in the development, design, manufacture, installation, use and repair of all machinery in the application of theoretical and practical issues (This is also very important)Mechanical engineering is the science of natural science and technology based on the theory, combined with technical experience in the production practice, research and resolve in the development, design, manufacture, installation, use and repair of all machinery in the application of theoretical and practical issues Machinery of modern society the five elements of production and services (people, money, energy, materials and machinery) of, and participation in energy and materials (This is more important)My father was in 1984 and graduated from Shandong University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering, and then assigned to the machinery factory A child I often see him inside the factory of his work for him after work, at the time of the machine had a strong By then my father for my education, I learned that engineering profession, it is a good combination of theory and practice of professional, not only have a wealth of theoretical knowledge, but also have a strong practical ability and practical ability, to the the use of learned to do a perfect My father once said to me: "School of Engineering who not only smart, but also have superior practical " From then on, I set out to study engineering, studied mechanical Now, after these days in Shandong University, studying mechanical engineering knowledge, I have a more profound Shandong University, students of mechanical engineering education in the footsteps of Shandong University of Technology, under the premise of education, combined with the 21st century facing new situations, through a series of reforms, the formation of a unique teaching Shandong University, trained to professional students can adapt to mechanical needs of the community, promote social progress and contribute to Mechanical engineering students, and all engineering majors, not only taught by professional teachers a wealth of theoretical knowledge, as well as specific practical courses, requirements to practice engineering training In addition, one year before graduation, the school will organize the students to the factory specialized training to fully understand the actual situation, to know how to properly apply the knowledge and strengthen their ability in In addition, through these years of understanding and information through Internet I understand that China's overseas engineering students engineering education and health education is still a lot of Although with these different, but this is because different countries have different national conditions of the Every seat in the midst of the University at the same time, but also according to their national conditions to determine which specific educational programs to cultivate a real talent for the At this point, Shandong University, to do very well, mechanical professional teachers teaching the basic theoretical knowledge but also teach the most advanced knowledge, and according to China's specific national conditions and arrangements for the plan most suitable for mountain college students, so that Hill College full and comprehensive development, so that after graduation they contribute to the motherland

Mechanical engineering, machinery and power generation with a relevant engineering Machinery and equipment industry is to provide the basis for the national economy, industry, the development of science and technology with a (This the most important and must be translated) Mechanical engineering is the science of natural science and technology based on the theory, combined with technical experience in the production practice, research and resolve in the development, design, manufacture, installation, use and repair of all machinery in the application of theoretical and practical issues (This is also very important) Mechanical engineering is the science of natural science and technology based on the theory, combined with technical experience in the production practice, research and resolve in the development, design, manufacture, installation, use and repair of all machinery in the application of theoretical and practical issues Machinery of modern society the five elements of production and services (people, money, energy, materials and machinery) of, and participation in energy and materials (This is more important) My father was in 1984 and graduated from Shandong University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering, and then assigned to the machinery factory A child I often see him inside the factory of his work for him after work, at the time of the machine had a strong By then my father for my education, I learned that engineering profession, it is a good combination of theory and practice of professional, not only have a wealth of theoretical knowledge, but also have a strong practical ability and practical ability, to the the use of learned to do a perfect My father once said to me: "School of Engineering who not only smart, but also have superior practical " From then on, I set out to study engineering, studied mechanical Now, after these days in Shandong University, studying mechanical engineering knowledge, I have a more profound Shandong University, students of mechanical engineering education in the footsteps of Shandong University of Technology, under the premise of education, combined with the 21st century, facing new situations, through a series of reforms, developed a unique teaching Shandong University, trained to professional students can adapt to mechanical needs of the community, promote social progress and contribute to Mechanical engineering students, and all engineering majors, not only taught by professional teachers a wealth of theoretical knowledge, as well as specific practical courses, requirements to practice engineering training In addition, one year before graduation, the school will organize the students to the factory specialized training to fully understand the actual situation, to know how to properly apply the knowledge and strengthen their ability in In addition, through these years of understanding and information through Internet I understand that China's overseas engineering students engineering education and health education there are still many Although with these different, but this is because different countries have different national conditions of the University of each block, while in line with international standards, but also according to their national conditions to determine which specific educational programs to cultivate a real talent for the At this point, Shandong University, to do very well, mechanical professional teachers teaching the basic theoretical knowledge but also teach the most advanced knowledge, and according to China's specific national conditions and arrangements for the plan most suitable for mountain college students, so that Hill College full and comprehensive development, so that after graduation they contribute to the

有一篇施工监控的论文,你查收一下吧,希望对你有用!

Study the summary in methodology of building project management: The construction project is a plentiful, most typical " project ", practice of building project management is one of the important origins of the management theory of the project, the project management theory of merging the system of the practical experience of the project management has offered the theory tool for building project management, so as to build project management day by day systematizedly, Keyword: Project management Project1, Proposition and current situation survey project management of problem become one modern society solve effective tool a kind of job qualification of " lump-sum problem ", employ and develop in the social affairs, economic course rapidly extensively, lie in it offers a new The modern social total supply and demand is increasing constantly, economic globalization, information-based trend are being strengthened day by day, development accelerates, the course is complicated, new trade, field are appearing constantly, products development period is shortened, cause more and more " disposable ", appearance of task that have no precedent to follow, especially the governments of enterprises and the social public affairs of management, face complicated various problems from the market and domestic and international affairs day by day even more, there are more and more factor, the interests main body involved, these management with regular problem is difficult to solve or solve satisfactorily, And the project office procedures from fields such as construction project and military, space exploration, are promoted as management theory of the project and thought, have offered and solved the unconventional problem means in social economic Can think, development and application of the project management lie in its It is a thing in recent years that it is popularized that the project management is popularized in China extensively, in the ascendant, and the focal point which we introduce, popularize, should not be tedious theory, concept, procedure, and should be the concise, applicable, effective No matter how economic structure changes, project construction is still the main carriers of economic development of our In the well-off society of comprehensive construction at present of our country, develop the Northwest, revitalize the background of the Northeast, important means that project construction becomes a lot of regional economy and Some city put forward slogan of " event revitalize city " Mainly depend on the new scientific and technological application of results, rely on the intension type to expand, depend on the situation of the knowledge innovation in economic progress, it is not a means to revitalize the economy suitable by extensive type project construction, our country has been paying the enormous cost for the fault of the investment decision all the time too, so utilize the scientific method to manage construction project, including assess, prove, important terms that project construction will you please achieve the nticipated The office procedure of the project is not only a concrete method, but also include the The Third Plenary Session of the 16th Party Central Committee of the party puts forward the human-oriented, sustainable scientific development view, " human-oriented ", " sustainable " a basic content is the developing in harmony of science and technology, the economy, environment, society, project construction is done in order to develop the economic important means, not merely costly, have to surrounding environment influence more, so must meet sustainably and coordinating the demand for development, this is one of the important guidelines of project management Methodology is the study on Comprehensive construction well-off society, develop the Northwest, revitalize the Northeast realistic background might raise the upsurge of new round of engineering construction, sustainable and developing the scientific development view in harmony and proposing the macro-control sure to restrict to project construction, this should implement on the method to build project The purpose of project management not only realizes the concrete goal (time limit, quality, expenses), should accomplish the coordination of project construction and environment, the society too, otherwise may have followed the investment fault, unwise track of an overturned cart out of control in the This is that an office procedure of a project rises to one of the meanings of " methodology " The theory of the project management can be already said to be very complete so far, this not merely displays if the emergence of various project management books (including translating) in the rich and varied theory achievement, display and have one's own " knowledge system " in this field even more, if the project management association of USA (PMI) put forward in 1987 and " managerial knowledge system of the project " that revised through 1996, 2000, the international project management association put out" administrative staff's ability basis of the project " in 1997, China pairs of law research association project management research committee put out" managerial knowledge system, event of China, " on 2001 Every knowledge system described above divides the managerial knowledge of the project into several fields, key element, module, knowledge system of China have " method and tool " concept, other system independent special topic about the method, but run through at each stages of project management, course, Various project management works lay particular emphasis on the argumentation at project management content, stage, procedure, organizing, more too, the special argumentation to the method is Certainly this does not mean the neglect of the method, summary, concentrate on, study with improving project management role of popularization and application to facilitate project management give full play to in 2, Time limit when the level narrowly-defined project management of the office procedure of the construction project is being limited, quality, expense go on comprehensive management to the project by realizing the predeterminated target of event in the goal, but this only management that project construct, influence, strengthen with scale of investment, enlargement, investment source diversification, project of field to environment, economy, project management has not been limited to implementing the course yet, but expand to and safeguard overall management from setting up to making available to the users, implementation of project develop from constructing and contracting to project management too, project always person who contract various As to a concrete project, its goal has already not merely been control in quality, time limit, expenses, with capital collection, risk analysis, use, it maintains to be and economy, environment, connected with where one occurs ground, the goal, management of the projects should all be considered according to " broad sense " Unless the project management one method, besides concrete methods technical,whose name is to before and after appraisal of issue extend, take, consider sustainable, coordinated development that central authorities put forward, reflect thought In sum, this text divides the office procedure of the project into two levels: Ideological content method and technical method, in other words, project management thought and 3, Ideological content method to build project management

中国体育科技投稿经验总结英文翻译

技术的英文是technology。technology    音标:英[tekˈnɒlədʒi]    美[tekˈnɑːlədʒi]    详细释义: 技术; 科技; 工艺; 工程技术; 技术学; 工艺学; 技术型机器(或设备);短语搭配:information technology 情报科学,信息工程,信息技术computer technology 电脑技术high technology 高技术例句:1、Britain is behind Japan in developing modern 在发展现代技术方面英国落后于日本。2、He majors in engine technology in this 他在这所学院主修发动机工艺。3、They are studying chemical 他们在研究化学工艺学。近义词:technique

技术的英文是:词语分析:音标:英 [tek'nɒlədʒi]     美 [tek'nɑːlədʒi] 技术;工艺;工艺学短语:apply advanced technology 采用先进技术export〔transfer〕 technology to developing countries 转移技术给发展中国家例句:The government saw the introduction of new technology as 政府认为引进新技术至关重要。Britain is behind Japan in developing modern 在发展现代技术方面英国落后于日本。He majors in engine technology in this 他在这所学院主修发动机工艺。They are studying chemical 他们在研究化学工艺学。词语用法:technology正常解释为“科技和工业的生产过程和技巧”;a technique中technique为名词,表示“做某事的一种方法”。

Go the way of scientific and technological innovation Achieve China sports dreams

The Olympic Games are the world's sports event, the show is a stage I have charisma, social harmony and civilized decency, green health is our slogan; high-tech \ affluent life, the outlook is positive and progressive development of a symbol of our nation! Olympics will be China Demonstrate to the world, the Olympic Games will also lead the world's attention in C A great Olympic Games, and a great nation, great soul song, a great need for teachers to As an English teacher, I am concerned about the Olympics, even in the heart of China's future English as a stage for China to the world the tools, great, Guojiminsheng relations, the relations of small personal Therefore, one of English teachers English is the duty of every citizens of sharp weapons, to fight the international 's Great teachers is not powerful, were significantly Wanshi, but in the quiet dedication, watering to Manyuan Spring, filled with people of Today, at this stage, I feel an upsurge of emotion and did not expect, I will have the opportunity, in one voice on stage love letter; Fangcun a place near the Olympic After today, I will once again return to the podium to do my beverage A little-known teachers, thousands of students into the English heart, the spirit of the Olympic torch from generation to generation Would like 桃李满天下the day and become a strong and prosperous motherland prosperity, standing at the top of the world!

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  • 中国工程科学投稿经验总结英文翻译
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